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modified farsi faq in html and txt version
- From: Mahmoud Taghizadeh <m_taghi(at)yahoo(dot)com>
- To: pgsql-patches(at)postgresql(dot)org
- Subject: modified farsi faq in html and txt version
- Date: Mon, 23 May 2005 00:47:21 -0700 (PDT)
- Message-id: <20050523074722.88013.qmail@web50703.mail.yahoo.com> <text/plain>
Please update site. With Regards, --taghi __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> <!-- saved from url=(0122) --> <HTML dir="rtl"><HEAD><TITLE>PostgreSQL FAQ</TITLE> <META content="Microsoft FrontPage 6.0" name=GENERATOR> <META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></HEAD> <BODY text=#000000 vLink=#A00000 aLink=#0000FF link=#FF0000 bgColor=#ffffff> <h1 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØ ÙÙØØ </span> </font> <font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ÙØØÙØÙ ÙÙ ØÙÙØ</font></span></h1> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙØ ØØØÙÙ ØØÙØØ ØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ: 28 ØÙØÛÙØ 1383 ÙØØÛ ØÙØÛ</span></font></p> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÚÙØØØÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ (ØØØÙ ØÙÚÙÙØÙ)ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">: Bruce Momjian <A href="mailto:pgman(at)candle(dot)pha(dot)pa(dot)us">pgman(at)candle(dot)pha(dot)pa(dot)us</A></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÚÙØØØÙØÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØØØÙ: </font></span><font face="Tahoma"><a href="mailto:m(dot)taghizadeh(at)imenafzar(dot)net"> m(dot)taghizadeh(at)imenafzar(dot)net</a> </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÙØÙÙØ ØÙÙâØØØÙ ÙÙØØØØÛ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØØØ ØÚÙØÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma"> <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs/FAQ.html";>http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/FAQ.html</A></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØØ ÙÙØØ ÙÙ ØÚÙÛ(ÙÙØÙØÙ) ØØØ ØØØ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØØØ ØÙØØ ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma"> <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/index.html";>http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/index.html</A></font></P> <HR dir="rtl"> <H2 align=center dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØÙØØ ØÙÙÙÙ</span></font></H2> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><a href="#1.1">1.1</a>) PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÚÙØØ Ù ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ØÙ ØØ ØÙÙØ ÙØØØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.2">1.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ ØØÙØâ (ØÙÙÙ ÙØÙÙÙ) ØØ ÙÙØØ </span>PostgreSQL <span lang="fa"> ØÙ ÚÙ ØÙØØ ØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#1.3">1.3</A>)<span lang="fa"> </span>PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ØÙÙ ÚÙ ÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙØÙØÙÙ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.4">1.4</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙÙ ÚÙ ÙØÙØÙØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØÙ ØØ ØØØØ ÙØØØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.5">1.5</A>) PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØØ ØØ ÙØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØÚÙØÙØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.6">1.6</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ÙØØ ØØÙØØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ØÚÙØÙØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.7">1.7</A>)</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØØØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØÙ ÚÙØØØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.8">1.8</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÚÙ ÙØØÙØØØ Ù ØØÙÙÙØØÙÙØÙÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØÙØØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.9">1.9</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØØØÙØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙ Ù ÙØ ØÙÙØÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙØ ÙØØØØ ÙØÙØ ØÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#1.10">1.10</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ </font></span> <font face="Tahoma">SQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØØ ÙØØ ØÚÙØÙØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.11">1.11</A>)</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÙØÙÙ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">Y2K</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ØØØØ ÙØ ØÙØØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.12">1.12</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÙÙØÙ ØÙÙØ</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><BR><A href="#1.13">1.13</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØ ØÙ ÚØÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#1.14">1.14</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÙØØÙØ </font></span> <font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ØØ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">DBMS<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØÙ ÚÙ ØÙØØ ØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#1.15">1.15</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR> </font></p> <h2 align="center" dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØÙØØ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ</span></font></h2> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A href="#2.1">2.1</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÙØ ÙÙÚ ØØØÙÙØ </span>ODBC</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ØØØÙ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL</font><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa"> ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#2.2">2.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙ ØØØØØÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØÙØØØ ÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#2.3">2.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÙØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ÙÙ ÙØØØ ÙØØØØÙ ÚØØÙÙÙÙ ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#2.4">2.4</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØ ÚÙ ØØØÙÙØÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØØØØØ ØØÙØØØ ÙØØØ</span><BR> </font></p> <h2 align="center" dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØÙØØ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØØÙØØÙ</font></span></h2> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A href="#3.1">3.1</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØØ ØØØÙâØÙ ØÙØ ØØ </span>/usr/local/pgsql/<span lang="fa"> ÙØØ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#3.2">3.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>postmaster<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙØÙ </span>Bad system call<span lang="fa">â Ù ÙØ </span>core dump <span lang="fa">âÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span><BR><A href="#3.3">3.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>postmaster<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙÙ ØØØÙ</span> <I>IpcMemoryCreate</I> <span lang="fa">ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span><BR><A href="#3.4">3.4</A>)<I><span lang="fa"> </span></I><span lang="fa">ÚØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>postmaster<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙÙ ØØØÙ</span> <I><span lang="fa"> </span>IpcSemaphoreCreate<span lang="fa"> </span></I><span lang="fa">ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span><BR><A href="#3.5">3.5</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØØØÙØØ ØØÙØ ÙØØÙÙÙØ ØØ ÙÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#3.6">3.6</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ÙØØØÙÙ ØØÙØØØ Ù ØÙØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ÚÙ ØÙØÙÙØØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#3.7">3.7</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙ ØÙÙØÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙØØ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙâ ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#3.8">3.8</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙ ØÙÙ ÙÙØÙ</span> <I> "Sorry, too many clients" <span lang="fa">â</span></I><span lang="fa">ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span><BR><A href="#3.9">3.9</A>)<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØØÙ </span> <I>pgsql_tmp</I> <span lang="fa"> ÚÙ ÚÙØÙ ÙØØØ ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#3.10">3.10</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ØØØÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ÙØØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØ ØØ </span>dump<span lang="fa">â Ù ÙØØØØÙ </span>restore<span lang="fa"> ÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#3.11">3.11</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØ ÚÙ ØØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR> </font></p> <H2 align=center dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØÙØØ ØÙÙÙØØÙ</font></span></H2> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A href="#4.1">4.1</A>) ØÙØÙØ ØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">binary cursors</span> Ù <span lang="en-us"> Normal cursors</span> ÚÙØØØ<BR><A href="#4.2">4.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙØ ØÙÙ ÚÙØ ØØÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙØ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØØØÙÙ ØØØÙØØØ </span> SELECT<span lang="fa">â ØØÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.3">4.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙÙ ÙØ ØØÙØ ÚÙØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØ </span> psql<span lang="fa">â ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ØØ ØØÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.4">4.4</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØ ØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØØ ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙØ ØØØÙ ØÙ ØØ ØÙØ ÙÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.5">4.5</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙØâ ØØÙÙ Ù ØÙØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÚÙØØ ØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.6">4.6</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙØØ ÙØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙââÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØ ÙÙØØ ØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.7">4.7</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÚÙ ÙØØØØØÙØâ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙØâ ÙÙØÙÙ Ù ØØØÙÙÙ ØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØØÙÙ ØØÙ ØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.8">4.8</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ØØØÙØØØÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙÙØ ÙØ ÚØØ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙ ÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙâÙÙÙØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.9">4.9</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØ ØÙØØ ØÙÙÙÙâØØØ ØØØÙØØØÙØ ÙØØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.10">4.10</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙØÙÙ </span>R-tree<span lang="fa">â ÚÙØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.11">4.11</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÙÙÙÙ ØØØ ØÙÙÙÙÙ ØØØÙØØØ ÚÙØØØ</span> (Genetic Query Optimizer)<BR><A href="#4.12">4.12</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØ ØØØØØØ ÙÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØØØÙÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØØ ØÙ ÙØÙ ÙØØØØØ ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØØØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØØ ØÙ ÙØÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.13">4.13</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ </span>NULL<span lang="fa">â ØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.14">4.14</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÙØÙØ ØÙÙ ÚÙÙÙâÙØÙ ÙØØÙÙ </span>character<span lang="fa"> ÚÙØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.15.1">4.15.1</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ ÙØ ØÙØØÙØÙ ØÙØØØ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.15.2">4.15.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØØ ÙÙ ØØØ ØØÙØÙÙ ØØ ØØØÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.15.3">4.15.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÛØ ØÙØØØ ()</span>nextval<span lang="fa"> Ù ()</span>currval<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØØ ØÙ ØÛØØØ ØØØÛØ </span>race<span lang="fa"> ØØØÛ ØØÛØ ÚØØØØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙÙØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.15.4">4.15.4</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ØØØØØ ØØÛØÙÛ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØØØÚÙØÙØÛ </span>abort<span lang="fa"> ØØÙ ÙØØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÛ ØÙØØ ÚØØ ØÛÙ ØØØØØ ØØÛØÙÛ ÛÚ ÙØØÙÙ ØØÙÛ ØÛØØØ ÙÛ ØÙØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.16">4.16</A>) OID<span lang="fa"> Ù </span>TID<span lang="fa"> ÚÙ ÙØØÙØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.17">4.17</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØØÙÙØ Ù ÙÙÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ÚÙØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.18">4.18</A>)<span lang="fa"> ÚØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ </span><i>"ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc"</i><span lang="fa"> ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.19">4.19</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØØ ØØØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØØÙØ ÙØ ÙØØÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙ ÚÙØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.20">4.20</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ØØ ØÛÙ ØØØØÛ ØÙÙÛØØ ØÙÛ </span> large-object<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØØØÛ </span>"<I>invalid large obj descriptor</I>"<span lang="fa">ØÙ ÙØÙØ ÙÛ ØÛØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.21">4.21</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØÙØØØ ÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØØØ ØÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØâÙØØ ØØØØÙ ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.22">4.22</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ØÙØ ØØØÙØØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØ </span>IN<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ ÙÙØ ÙØØÙØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.23">4.23</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØØØÙ (</span>outer join<span lang="fa">) ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙØ</span><BR><A href="#4.24">4.24</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØØÙØØØÙØÙÙ ØØ ÚÙØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØÙÙÙØ ÙØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.25">4.25</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙØ ÚÙØ ØØÙÙ ÙØ ØØÙÙ ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.26">4.26</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØ ØÙØØØ </span>PL/PgSQL<span lang="fa"> ÚØØ ÙÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØ ØÙØØØ ÙØ ØØÙ ÙØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.27">4.27</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙ ÚØÙÙÙâÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØØØ (</span>replication<span lang="fa">)</span> <span lang="fa">ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#4.28">4.28</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙ ÚØÙÙÙâÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØÙÚØØÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span><BR> </font></p> <h2 align="center" dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØØÙ </span> PostgreSQL</font></h2> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A href="#5.1">5.1</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØØ ÙÙØØÙâØÙ. ÚÚÙÙÙ ØÙ ØØ ØØ </span>psql<span lang="fa"> ØØØØ ÙÙÙØ ÚØØ ØØ ØØØØÙ ØÙ </span>core dump<span lang="fa"> ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span><BR><A href="#5.2">5.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØ ØÙÙÙØ ÙÙØâÙØ Ù ØÙØØØ ØØÙØ Ù ØØÙØ ØØØÙ </span> PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ÙÙÙØØÙ Ù ÙØØØÙØ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙ.</span><BR><A href="#5.3">5.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØØ ØÙ ØØØÙ </span>C<span lang="fa"> ØÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ØÙ ÙÙ</span> <span lang="fa">â</span>tuple<span lang="fa"> </span> <span lang="fa">(ÚÙØ ØØÙÙ) ØØØØØ</span><BR><A href="#5.4">5.4</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØ ØØ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ØÙ ÚØØ ØØ ØÙÙÙØØ ÙØÙÙÙÙ ÙØØØ ØÙ ØØÙÙØ ØÙØÙ ÙÙÙâØÙØØ</span><BR> </font></p> <HR dir="rtl"> <H2 align=center dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØÙØØ ØÙÙÙÙ</span></font></H2> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.1>1.1</A>) <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ÚÙØØ Ù ÚÚÙÙÙ ØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ØÙÙØ ÙØØØ</font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØÙ ØÙØØ <span lang="en-us"> Post-Gres-Q-L</span>â ØÙÙØ ÙÙâØÙØ. ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØ ØØØØ <a href="http://www.postfresql.org/postgresql.mp3‌";><span lang="en-us"> http://www.postfresql.org/postgresql.mp3</span>â</a> ØØØÙ ÙØØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙÙØ ØÙÙØ ØØÙØ ØØ ØØÙÙÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</p> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ÙØÙØÙØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ <span lang="en-us">POSTGRES</span> ØÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ (ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙØÙØ ØØØÙ ØØØÚÙ ØÙ ØÙ <span lang="en-us">Postgres</span> ÚÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ) ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙ ØØÙÙÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ÙØÙ ØØØ ØØØ. <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ÙÙØÙ ØÙÚÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙÙ Ù ØÙÙØØ ØØØÙ ØØ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØØ ÙÙÙ ØØØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostQuel</span> ØØ ØØ ÙÙ ØÙØÙØÙÙØÙ ÙÙØØÙØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">SQL</span> ØØÙÚØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØ. <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ÙØÙ ØØØ ØÙØÙ Ù ÙØÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØØ ØØØØØ ØØØ.</P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL </span> ØÙØØ ÙÙ ØÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙÚÙ ØØ ÚØÙÙ ÙØØ ØÙÙØØÙÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØÙ ÙØØÙØØ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ. ÙÙØÙÙÚ ÙÙÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ <span lang="en-us">Marc G. Fournier</span>â ØÙ ØØØØ <span lang="en-us"><a href="mailto:scrappy(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org"> scrappy(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org</a></span> ÙÙâØØØØ. (ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙÙØÙ ØØÙ ØÙ ØÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙØÙØ <A href="#1.6">1.6</A> ØØ ØØÙÙÙØ). ØÙÙ ØÙÙ ØØ ØØØØ ÙØØÙÙÙØ ØÙØÙ ÙØØØÙ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØØ ØÙØÙ ØØØØ. ØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÚÙ ÚØÙÙÙ ØØØ Ù ØØØ ÙÙØØÙ ÙÙÚ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙØØ. ØØØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØØ ÙÙØØ ØÙÙ ØÙÙ ØÙ ØØØØ <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html";> http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html</A> ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙÙÙÙ ÙØØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØÙØØ Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen ØÙ ÙØÙØ ØÙØ. ØÙØØØ ØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙØØÙ Ù ØÙØ ØØÙØÙ Ù ØÙØÙØÙ ØÙ ØØÙØ ÙØØÙâØÙØ. ÙØÙ ØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">Postgres</span> ÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØÙÙ ØÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØØ ØÙØØ ØØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØÙØØÙÙ ÙØØØÙØØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØÙØØÙÙ ÙØØØÙØØÙ Ù ØÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØØ ÙØØ ÙØÙÙØÙØ Michael Stonebrake ØØ ØØÙØÚØÙ ØØÙÙÙØâÙØÙÙÙØÙÙØ ÙØØ ÙÙâÙØØÙâØÙØ ÙÙØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ÙØÙ ØÙØØØ ØØ ØØÙØÚØÙ ØØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">Postgres</span>â ØÙØ. ØØ ØØÙ 1995 ØØØ ØØ ØØØÙÙ ØØÙ <span lang="en-us">SQL</span> ÙØÙ ØÙ ØÙ<span lang="en-us"> Postgres95</span> ØØÙÙØ ØØØÙ ØØ.<span lang="en-us"> </span>ØØ ØØÙ 1996 ÙØÙ ØÙ ØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØÙÙØ ØØØÙ ØØ.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.2>1.2</A>) ÙÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØ ÙÙØØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØÙ ÚÙ ØÙØØ ØØØØ</font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØØ ÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ØÙØ ÙØØØ ØØØØ:</font></p> <P dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL Data Base Management System</font></P> <P dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">Portions copyright (c) 1996-2004, PostgreSQL Global Development Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California</font></P> <P dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.</font></P> <P dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.</font></P> <P dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙÙØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">BSD</span> ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØØÙØ ÙÙØØÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙâÙØÙ ØØØ ØØØ ÙÙâØØØØ. ÙÙÚ ÙØØÙØÙØÙ ØØ ÙÙØØ ÙØÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙ ØØ ØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙÙÙâØÙØ. ÙØ ØÙ ØØ ØÙØØ ØØØÙÙ Ù ÙÙÚ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙÙØ ØÙ ÙØØØÙÙ.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.3>1.3</A>) PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ØÙÙ ÚÙ ÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙØÙØÙÙ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØØ</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ØØÙØ ÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØÙÙ ÙØ ÙÙØÙØÙ (ØÙÙÙ) ØØØÚØØ ØØ ÙÙÙÙÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ. ÙÙØØ ÙÙØÙØÙÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØÙÙ ØÙÙØ ÙØØ Ù ØØØ ØØÙ ØØØ ØØÙØÙØ ØØØÙØØÙØÙÙÙØÙ ÙØØ ØÙØÙ ØØØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.4>1.4</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØÙÙ ÚÙ ÙØÙØÙØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØÙ ØØ ØØØØ ÙØØØ</font></span></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><STRONG>Client</STRONG></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙâØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">psql, </span> ÙØØØØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">libpq</span> Ù ØØÙØ ÙØØØÙØ Ù ØØÙØÙÙâÙØÙ ÙØØØØØÙ ØØ ØÙØÙ ÙØÙÙÙÙ ÙØØ ÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙØÙØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØÙØ ÙÙØ ØØØØ ØÙÙØ. ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">Client</span> ØÙÙ ÙÙÙØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ Ù ØØ ØØØÙ ØØÙÙ Ù ÙØÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">TCP/IP</span> ØØ ÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØÙØÙ ÙÙÙÙÙØ ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØØØ ØØØØØØ ØØÙØØØ ÙÙâÙÙØ.ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">win32.mak</span> ÙÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙÙÙÙ ÙØØÙ ÙØØØØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">libpq</span> Ù ØØÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">psql</span> ÙÙâØØØØ. <span lang="en-us">P</span>â<span lang="en-us">ostgreSQL</span>â ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ØÙÙØÙ ØØØØØØ ØÙ ØÙØØ <span lang="en-us">ODBC</span>â ØØ ÙÙØ ØØØØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><STRONG>Server</STRONG></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><strong style="font-weight: 400"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">Cygwin</span>â Ù ÙØØØØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">Cygnus</span> ÙÙâØÙØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙÙÙØÙØ <span lang="en-us">NT</span> Ù ÙØ <span lang="en-us">Win2K</span> ØØØØ ÙØØ.ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ÙØÙÙ<span lang="en-us"> </span></font></strong><font face="Tahoma"> <I>pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN<span lang="en-us"> </span>â</I>ØØ ÙÙ ØÙÙØØÙ ØÙØØØâÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØÙØÙ ØØØ ØØÙÙÙØ Ù ÙØ ØÙÙÙÙ ØÙ ØÙÙ ØÙØÙ <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs/text/FAQ_MSWIN";> http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/text/FAQ_MSWIN</A> ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ ÙÙ ØÙÙÙØØ ØÙØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ØÙ ØÙÙ ØÙÙÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">Win NT/2000/XP</span> ØØ ØØÙØÙ ØØØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙØØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙØÙÚÙ ØÙ ØØÙØâÙØÙ <A href="http://momjian.postgresql.org/main/writings/pgsql/win32.html";> http://momjian.postgresql.org/main/writings/pgsql/win32.htm</A> Ù <A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/Windows";> http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/Windows</A> ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. </font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙÙÙØØ ØÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">Novell Netware 6</span> ÙÙØ ØØ ØØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://forge.novell.com/";>http://forge.novell.com</A> ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØØ ØØÙÙÙØ.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.5>1.5</A>) PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØØ ØØ ÙØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØÚÙØÙØ</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØØ ØØ ØØÙØ ØØÙÙ ØÙ <A href="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub";>ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub</A> ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØÚÙØÙØ. ØØ ØÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙÙØØ ØØÙØ ØØØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span>â ØØ ØØ ØÙÙØ ØÚÙØÙØ ØÙØÙ ØØØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.6>1.6</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØØ ÙØØ ØØÙØØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ØÚÙØÙØ</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÚØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØÙÙ <A href="mailto:pgsql-general(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org">pgsql-general(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org</A> ÙÙâØØØØ. ØÙÙ ÚØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØØ ØØ ÙÙØØ ÙÙØÙØØØ ÙØØÙÙ ØØ ØÙÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ØØØ. ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ÚØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙÙØØÙÙÙÙÙ ØÙ ØØØØ ÚØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØÙÙØØÛ ÙÙ ØØ ØØØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ ØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. ØØ ÙØÙØ <span lang="en-us"> Subject</span> ÚÙØÙ ÙÙÙÙØÙØ.</font></p> <div dir="rtl"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> subscribe end </font></PRE> </div> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØØ ÚØÙÙ: <A href="mailto:pgsql-general-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org"> pgsql-general-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org</A></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÚØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØØØØÙ ÚÙÙØÙ ÙÙØÙÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ÚØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØÙÙØØ ØÙØ ØÙ ØÛÙ ØØØØ ØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. <A href="mailto:pgsql-general-digest-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org"> pgsql-general-digest-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org</A> </font></P> <div dir="rtl"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> subscribe end </font></PRE></div> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ØÙÙ ÚØÙÙ ÙØ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙ ÙØÙÙâÙØ ØÙ 30 ÙÙÙÙØØÙØ ØØÙØ ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØØØ ØØØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÚØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØØÙ ØÙØÙØÙØØ ÙÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ÚØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØÙÙØØ ØÙØ ØÙ <A href="mailto:pgsql-bugs-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org"> pgsql-bugs-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org</A> ØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <div dir="rtl"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> subscribe end </font></PRE></div> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma" size="3">ÚØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ÙØØÙØ ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙØÚØÙ (ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØØÙ) ÙÙØ ÙØÙØØØØØ. ØØØÙ ØØÙÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ÚØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØØØØ ØÙØ ØØ ÙØØÙÙØØ ÙØØØ ØØÙ ØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. </font><font face="Tahoma"> <A href="mailto:pgsql-hackers-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org"><font size="3">pgsql-hackers-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org</font></A><span lang="en-us"> </span> </font></p> <div dir="rtl"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> subscribe end </font></PRE> </div> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÚØÙÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ØÙÚØÙ ÙÙØ ØØ ØÙÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/";>http://www.postgresql.org</A> ØØÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">IRC</span> ØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">Freenode</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">EFNet</span> ØÙØÙ <I> PostgreSQL<span lang="en-us">#</span> </I> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØ ÙØÙØÙ ÙÙÙÙÙØÙ </font> <CODE> <font face="Tahoma">irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net.</font></CODE><font face="Tahoma"> ÙØ </font> <CODE> <font face="Tahoma">irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.freenode.net<span lang="en-us"> </span>ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></CODE></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙØØ ØØÙØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØ ØØÙÙ ØÙÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØÙØØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ØØØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØÙØÙØ ÙÙÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØØØ <A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php";> http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</A></font><code><font face="Tahoma"> ÙÙØÙØ ØØØ.</font></code></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.7>1.7</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØØØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØÙ ÚÙØØØ</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙÙ ÙØØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â<span lang="en-us"> </span> ÙÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ 7.4.3 ØØØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØÙ ÙØ ØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ÙØ 6 ÙØÙ ØØ 8 ÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØ ØØØØÙ ØÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.8>1.8</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÚÙ ÙØØÙØØØ Ù ØØÙÙÙØØÙÙØÙÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØÙØØ</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÚÙØÙÙ ÙØØØÚÙ Ù ØÙØØØ ØØÙÙÙØ Ù ÙØØÙÙØÙ ÙÙÚÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙ ØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØØ ØØØÙ <span lang="en-us">doc </span>ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØÙØØØ ØØÙÙÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØÙ ØØÙØ <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs";>http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs</A><span lang="en-us"> </span> ÙÙØ ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙØÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙ ÙØØØ ØØ ØÙÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â<span lang="en-us"> </span> ØØ ØØØØâÙØÙ <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html";> http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.htm</A> Ù <A href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/";>http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook</A> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ÙÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØ ØØØ ØØ ØØØØ <A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php";> http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙØØ ÙÙÙ ØØ ÙÙØØ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØØØØ <A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/";>http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">psql</span> ÙÙ ØØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">d\</span> ØØØØ ÙÙ ØØÙØØØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØØ ØÙÙØØ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙÙ Ù ØÙÙÚØâÙØ Ù ØÙØØØ Ù ... ØÙ ÙØ ÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ. ØØ ØØÙØ ØØÙÙ ÙØ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ÙÙØØ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.9>1.9</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØØØÙØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙ Ù ÙØ ØÙÙØÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙØ ÙØØØØ ÙØÙØ ØÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ÙÙ ØÙØ ÙØÙÙØÙ ÙÙØØÙØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">SQL-92</span> ØØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ÙÙâÙÙØ. ØØ ÙÙØØ <span lang="en-us"> </span><A href="http://developer.postgresql.org/todo.php";>TODO</A> ØÙØÙØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙ ÙØ ØÙÙØÙØØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙØ ÙØØØØ Ù ÙØ ØØÙØÙÙââÙØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.10>1.10</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ </font></span> <font face="Tahoma">SQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØØ ÙØØ ØÚÙØÙØ</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØØØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØØØØ <span lang="en-us">SQL</span> <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html";> http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>âØØ ØÙÙØØ ÙÙâØÙØ. ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØØØ ØØ ØØØØ <A href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/";>http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook </A> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ÙÙ ØØÙÙÙØÙ ØÙÙÙ ØÙØ ÙÙ ØØ ØØÙØâÙØÙ <A href="http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm";> http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm</A> Ù <A href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM";> http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM</A> Ù <A href="http://sqlcourse.com/";>http://sqlcourse.com</A> ØØ ÙÙØØ <span lang="en-us">SQL</span> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØØØ ØÙÚØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØØÚÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">SQL</span> ØØ ØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØ ÙØØØ <span lang="en-us">"SQL</span> ØØ ØØ 21 ØÙØ ÙØØ ØÚÙØÙØØâ ÙÙØØÙØ ØÙÙ<span lang="en-us">" </span>ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm";> http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙÙâØØØØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØØØØØÙ ÙØØØ <span lang="en-us"> The Practical SQL</span> ØØ ØØØÙØ ÙÙâØÙÙØ. ÙØØØ ØÙÚØ <span lang="en-us">The Complete Refrence SQL</span> ØÙØØØØØØ <span lang="en-us">McGraw-Hill</span> ÙÙâØØØØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.11>1.11</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ØÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÙØÙÙ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">Y2K</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ØØØØ ÙØ ØÙØØ</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØØâ<span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØØ ØØØÙØâÙØÙ ÙØÙ Ù ØØØ ØØ 2000 ÙØÙÙÙ ÙØØØØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.12>1.12</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÙÙØÙ ØÙÙØ</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØØØØâØØØÙÙ ØÙØØ ØØ ØÙÙÙÙØ ÙØØÙ Ù ÙØØÙØØØ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØØ ØØÙØ ÙØØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ. ØÙØ ØÙ ÚØÙÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙ â <I>pgsql-patches </I> Ù <i><span lang="en-us">pgsql-hackers </span> </i>ØØÙ ØÙÙØ. ØØ ÙØØÙÙ ØØØ ÙØÙÙâÙØÙ ØØ ÙÙÙÙØ ØØÙØ ØØ ØÙ <span lang="en-us">pgsql-patches</span> ØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØØÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØÙØ ÙÙ ØÙØÙØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØÙÙØØØ ØØ <span lang="en-us">cvs</span>â ØØ ØØØÙØ. ÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙØ ØØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ÙØÙÙââ ØØ ÙÙÙÙØ ØØÙØ ØÙ ÚØÙÙ ØØØØÙ ÙØØÙâØÙØ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØ ÚØØØÙÙØÚØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØÙ ØØØ ØÙØØÙâØÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.13>1.13</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØÙ ÚØÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØÙØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØÙØÙØÙØØ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/bugs/bugs.php";> http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.php</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙØØÙØÙâ<span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙÙÙØ. ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙØÙÙ ÚØØØØ Ù ØØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ØÙØÙØ ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙØØÙâÙØÙ ØØÙØØØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> Ù ÙØ ÙØÙØ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub";>ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub</A> ØØØØÙØ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.14>1.14</A>) </font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma"> ÙØØÙØ </font></span> <font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ØØ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">DBMS<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØÙ ÚÙ ØÙØØ ØØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØØØÙâÚÙØÙ Ù ÙÙØÙØÙ ÙØÙâØÙØØØÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ØØØØØÙØ ØØ ØÙÙØÙØØØ ÙØØØÙÙØ ÙØØÙÙØ ØØØÙØØØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ Ù ÙÙÙØ</font></p> <DL> <div dir="rtl"> <dl> <dt><b><font face="Tahoma">ØÙÙØÙØØ</font></b></dt> <dd><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØÙØØØ ØÙÙØÙØØ ÙÙØÙØ ØØ ØÙØØÙâÙØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØØÚ ÙØÙØ <span lang="en-us"> transactions, subselets, triggers, views, foreign key referential integrity </span>Ù <span lang="en-us">sophisticated locking</span>â ØØ ØØØØ. ØØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>ââ ØÙÙØÙØØÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ÙØÙÚØÙÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØÙÚØ ØÙ ØØ ÙØØØÙØ ÙØÙØ <span lang="en-us">user-defined types</span>âÙ <span lang="en-us">Inheritance</span>âÙ <span lang="en-us">rules</span>âÙ <span lang="en-us">multi-version concurrency control</span></font></dd> </dl> </div> <DD> <p dir="rtl"> <div dir="rtl"> <b><font face="Tahoma">ÙØØØÙÙ</font></b><p><font face="Tahoma"><b> </b>ÙØØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ØØ ØÙÙÙ ØÙØØÙâÙØÙ ØØØØÙ Ù ÙØÙ ØØØ ØØØ. ØØ ØØØÙ ÙÙØØØ ØØÙØØØ Ù ØØ ØØØÙ ÙÙØØØ ØØ ØÙÙØ ÙÙØØØ ØØØ. ØØ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">MySQL</span> ØØØÙ ÙØØØØØÙ ØÙØØØ Ù ØØØÙØØØâÙØÙ ÙÙÚÙØÙ Ù ØØØ ØÙØØ ØÙØÙØÙ/ÙÙØØÙ ØØÙØØØ ØØØ. ØØ ØØØÙØØØâÙØÙ ØØØÙ<span lang="en-us"> SELECT</span>â ØØ <span lang="en-us">MySQL</span> ÙÙØØØ ØØØ. ØÙØØÙ <span lang="en-us">MySQL</span> ØÙÙÙ ØØ ØÙÙØÙØØ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ÙÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ØÙ ØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØ ØØ ÙØØØØ. ÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ÙØ ØÙÙØÙØØ Ù ÙØØÙÙØ ØØØÙØØ ØØÙØØØ ØØ ØÙÙ ØÙÙÙ ØÙØØ ÙÙâÙÙÙÙ ØØ ÙØØØÙÙ ØÙ ÙÙØ ØÙØÙØ ÙØØØ. ØØ ØØØØ <A href="http://openacs.org/philosophy/why-not-mysql.html";> http://openacs.org/philosophy/why-not-mysql.html</A> ÙÙ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØØÙØ ØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">MySQL</span> Ù <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ØØ ØØÙ ØÙÚØ <span lang="en-us">MySQL</span>â ÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØØ ÙÙ ÙØØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØ ØÙ ØÙØØ ÙØÙ ØØØ ØØØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙØ ÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙâØÙØØØ ØÙØ ÙØÙ ØØØ ØÙØ ØØØÙØØ ØÙ ÙÙØØÙØ ØØØØÙ ØØØØ ØØ ØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ÙÙ ÙÙ ÚØÙÙ ÙØÙÙØÙ ÙØÙ ØØØ ÙØØÙØ.</font></div> <DD> <p dir="rtl"> <div dir="rtl"> <dl> <dt><b><font face="Tahoma">ÙØØÙÙØ ØØÙÙÙØÙ</font></b></dt> <dd><font face="Tahoma">ÙØ ÙÙØ ÙÙâÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙâØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙØÙ ÙØØØØ ØØØØÙ ÙØØØØ. ÙØ ØÙØÙ ØÙØØÙØÙ ØØ ØØØÙ ØØØØÙ ÙØÙØÙ ÙØÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ ØØÙ ØØØÙØ Ù ÙÙØØÙÙ ØÙØÙØÙØØ ØØ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØ ÙÙâÙÙÙÙ. ÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ØØØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙ ØØ ØØ ÙØØÙÙ ØØØ ØØØ ÙÙâÚØØØÙØ. ÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙØØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØØÙÙØ ØØÙÙÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØØ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ØÙØØÙâÙØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ Ù ÙØØÙâÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙÙÙ ØØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ ÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙ ÙØ ØÙØÙØÙÙ ØØØØÙ ÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙ Ù ÙØÙÙ Ù ÙØÙØÙ ØØ ÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙØÙâØØØØØÙ ØØØ ØØØÙÙ.</font></dd> </dl> </div> <DD> <div dir="rtl"> <dl> <dt><b><font face="Tahoma">ÙØØÙØØÙÙ</font></b></dt> <dd><font face="Tahoma">ÚØÙÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ÙØ ØÙÙØÙ ØØØØØØ Ù ØÙØØ ØÙ ÚØÙÙ ØØØÚÙ ØØ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙÙØØÙ Ù ÙØØØØØÙ ØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØ ØÙ ÙØÙÙØØ ØÙ ØÙÚØØÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙØ. ØØØØØÙ ÙØØÙÙÙ ØÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØØÙ Ù ÚØÙÙÙØÙ ÙØØØØØÙ Ù ØØÙÙÙØÙØ Ù ÙØØØÙÙ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ÙØØØ ØÙ ØØÙØ ÙØÙÚØÙÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØÙ ÙØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙØ. ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ØÙÙØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØÙØØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØØØØÙ ÙÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØÙ <A href="#1.6">FAQ section 1.6</A> ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></dd> </dl> </div> <DD> <div dir="rtl"> <dl> <dt><b><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙÙØ</font></b></dt> <dd><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØØØÙ Ù ÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØØÙ ÙÙÚ ÙØÙÙÙâØÙ ÙØØÙØ ÙØØØØØ ØÙØ. ÙÙÚ ÙØØÙØÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØÙÙØØØ ØØ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ØÙØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØÚØÙ ÙØÙØ ÙØØØØ ØÙ ØØ ÙÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØ ÙÙØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">BSD</span> ØÙ ØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ.</font></dd> </dl> </div> </DL> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=1.15>1.15</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL </span> ØØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØØØØØ ØØÙÙÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ØÙÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØÙ ØØ ÙØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">Marc Fournier</span>â ØØØ ÙÙ ØÙÙ ØØØØØØ ØØ ØÙØØØ ÙØØÙ ØØØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ØØØØØØ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÚÙ ÙØÙ ØØØ ØØÙØØ ØÙÙÙØ ØØØØ. ÙÙ ØØØØØØ ØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ØÙØÙâØÙÙÙ ÙØÙÚÙ ØÙÙÙ ÙØØØ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙ ØØØØØØ ØØÙÙÙØØÙ ØØØØÙ ÙÙØØ. ÙØÙÙÙâÙØÙ ØØØØ ÙØÙØÙÙ Ù ØÙØÙØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÚÙØØØÙ Ù ØÙØ ØÙÙ ØØØØØØ ÙÙØØ ÙÙØØ ØØØ. ØÚØ ØÙØ ÙØ ØØÙØ ØÙØ ÙØÙÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØØ ÙØØ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ ÙØÙØÙ ØÙ ØØÙØ <A href="http://store.pgsql.com/shopping/";>http://store.pgsql.com/shopping</A> ÙØØØØÙ ÙØØÙ Ù ÙÙÙ ØÙØ ØØ ØÙØØ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØ ÚÙØ ØØ ØÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ØØØØØ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL,Inc</span>â ØÙØ ØØÙ ØØØ ÙÙÙ ÙØØØÙØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ØØ ÙØÙÚÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ÙÙ ØØØØ Ù ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙØØØ. ØÚØ ØØØÙØ ÙÙâØÙÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ÙÙ ÚÙ ØÙ ØØØØ ÙØØØ ØØÙ ØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÚØ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ØØØØ ØØØÙØ ÙØÙØÙ ØÙ ØØ ØÙ ØØÙØ <A href="http://advocacy.postgresql.org/";>http://advocacy.postgresql.org</A> ÚØØØØ ØÙÙØ.</font></p> <HR dir="rtl"> <h2 align="center" dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØÙØØ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ</span></font></h2> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=2.1>2.1</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÙØ ÙÙÚ ØØØÙÙØ </span>ODBC</font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">â ØØØÙ </font></span><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙ ØØØÙÙØ </span>ODBC<span lang="fa"> ØÙØÙÙØÙ </span>psqlODBC<span lang="fa">â Ù </span>OpenLink<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</span></font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ÚØÙØÙ </span>psqlODBC<span lang="fa"> ØÙ ØØÙØ </span> <A href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php";> http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php</A><span lang="fa"> ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</span></font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us">OpenLlink</span> ØØ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ <A href="http://www.openlinksw.com/";>http://www.openlinksw.com</A> ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØÚÙØÙØ. ØÙÙ ØØØÙÙØ ØØ ÙØÙâØÙØØØÙØÙ ÙØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">ODBC</span> ÙØØ ÙÙâÙÙØ ØÙØØØØÙÙ ØÙØ ÙØØØ ØÙØÙÙØ ØÙØ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">OpenLink</span> ØÙÙ ØÙØØ ØÙÙâÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙâØÙØØØ<span lang="en-us">ODBC</span>âØØØÙØ ØØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ÙÙØ ÙØØÙ ØÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙÙ ÙØØÙÙ ØÙ ÙØØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØ ØÙ ØØÙØØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØ ÙØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ. ÙÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØØ ØÙÙ ÙØÙâØÙØØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ØØ ØØØØØØ ÙÙâØØØØ. ØØØÙ ÙØØ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØÙØÙØØ ØÙØ ØØ ØÙ ØØØØ <A href="mailto:postgres95(at)openlink(dot)co(dot)uk">postgres95(at)openlink(dot)co(dot)uk</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>âØØØØÙ ÙÙØÙÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=2.2>2.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙ ØØØØØÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØÙØØØ ÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://www.webreview.com/";>http://www.webreview.com</A> ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØØ ØÙØØØ ÙØ ØØÙÙÙØÙÙÙØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙ ØØÙÙØ Ù ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙØØØ ÙØ ØØØÙ <span lang="en-us">PHP</span>â ÙÙ ÙØØØ ØØÙØØ ÙÙØØØ ØØØ. ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØØØØ ØÙ <span lang="en-us">PHP</span>âØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://www.php.net/";>http://www.php.net</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØØÙÙØÙÙ ÙÙØ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us"> Perl</span>â Ù<span lang="en-us"> CGI.pm</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">mod_perl</span> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=2.3>2.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÙØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ÙÙ ÙØØØ ÙØØØØÙ ÚØØÙÙÙÙ ØØØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÚÙØ ÙØÙ ØÙØØØ ÚØØÙÙÙÙ ØØØÙ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span>â ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">pgAccess</span> ØØØØÙØ <A href="http://www.pgaccess.org/";>http://www.pgaccess.org</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>Ù <span lang="en-us">pgAdmin III</span> ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://www.pgadmin.org/";>http://www.pgadmin.org</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>Ù <span lang="en-us">RHDB Admin</span> ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/";>http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>Ù <span lang="en-us">Rekall</span> ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall/";> http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall<span lang="en-us"> </span></A> ÙÙâØØØØ. ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ <span lang="en-us">phpPgAdmin</span> ÙÙ ØØ ØØÙØ <A href="http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/";> http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØØØ ÙØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙØÙØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ÙÙâØØØØ.</font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØØØØ ØÙ ÙØÙâØÙØØØÙØÙ ÚØØÙÙÙÙ ØØØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØÙ ØØØØ <A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools";> http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=2.4>2.4</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØ ÚÙ ØØØÙÙØÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØØØØØ ØØÙØØØ ÙØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØØØ ØØØÙÙØÙ ØØÙØÙÙâÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØØØØØ ØØÙØØØ ÙÙÙØ. ØÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØÙØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØØØØØÙ ØØ ÙØØØÙØÙ ÙÙØØ ÙÙØØ ØØØÙ ØØØØØØ ØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØØÙÙ ØØØÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØØ ØÙØ ÙÙØØ ØÙÙØ ØØ ÙØØÙØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ.</span></font></p> <ul dir="rtl"> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr" align="left"><font face="Tahoma">C (libpq) </font></li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr" align="left"><font face="Tahoma">Embedded C (ecpg) </font> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr" align="left"><font face="Tahoma">Java (jdbc) </font></li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr" align="left"><font face="Tahoma">Python (PyGreSQL) </font> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr" align="left"><font face="Tahoma">TCL (libpgtcl) </font></li> </ul> <p dir="rtl" align="right"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØØØÙØÙ ØÙÚØ ØØ ØØÙØ </font></span><font face="Tahoma"> <A href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/";>http://gborg.postgresql.org</A> <span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØÙØ </span><i>Drivers/Interfaces</i><span lang="fa"> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</span></font></p> <HR dir="rtl"> <h2 align="center" dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØÙØØ ÙØÙØÙØÙ</font></span></h2> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.1>3.1</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØØ ØØØÙâØÙ ØÙØ ØØ </span>/usr/local/pgsql/<span lang="fa"> ÙØØ ÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙÙØ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØ <i><span lang="en-us"> configure</span> </i>ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">prefix--</span> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.2>3.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>postmaster<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙØÙ </span>Bad system call<span lang="fa">â Ù ÙØ </span>core dump <span lang="fa">âÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙ ØÙØÙÙ ÙØØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ ØØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ØÙÙØØ. ØÙØ ØØ ÙØÙ ØÙÙ ØÙØ ÙØÙØÙ ØÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙÙØÙØØ ØØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">System V</span>â ØØ ÙØÙÙ ØÙØ ÙØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ. <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØØÙ ØØØØ ØØÙ ÙÙØØ ØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙØÙØØ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØØÙ Ù ØÙØÙÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.3>3.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>postmaster<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙÙ ØØØÙ</span> <I>IpcMemoryCreate</I> <span lang="fa">ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙØÙØÙâ ÙØÙØ ØÙØØØ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØØØØÙ ØÙØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØ Ù ÙØ ØÙÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØØØÙÙ ØØ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ØÙØØ ÙØØ. ÙÙØØÙ ØÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØØÙ ÙÙØØ ÙÙØØ ØØØÙ ØÙ ÙØÙØØÙ Ù ÙØÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØÙØÙØ ØÙØØ ØØÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us"><i>postmaster </i></span>ØØØØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØØØ ØÙØØÙâÙØ ÙÙ ØØ ØÙØÙÙØØ ÙÙØâÙØØ ÙØØ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ ÙÙØØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">1</span> ÙÚØØØÙØ ØØØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØØØØ ØÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØØÙ Ù ØÙØÙÙØ ØÙ <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/view.php?version=current&idoc=1&file=kernel-resources.html";> PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide</A><span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.4>3.4</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>postmaster<span lang="fa">â ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙÙ ØØØÙ</span> <I><span lang="fa"> </span>IpcSemaphoreCreate<span lang="fa"> </span></I><span lang="fa">ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÚØ ÙÙØØÙ ØØØ<span lang="en-us"> </span><i> (âpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space left on devi<span lang="en-us">ce </span> </i>ØØØØ ØÙ ØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØØØØØ ØÙØÙÙØÙØÙ ØÙØÙÙ ØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØ. <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span>â ØØØÙ ÙØ ÙØØÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">backend</span> ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ØÙ ÙÙ ØÙØÙÙØ ÙÙØØ ØØØØ. ÙÙ ØØÙ ØÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØØÙ ØÙÙ ÙØØÙÙ ØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ <i><span lang="en-us">postmaster</span> </i>ØØ ØØ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØÙØÙØ ØÙÙ ØØØØØ ÙØØÙÙØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙØ ØÙØØØ ÙÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙÙÙ. ØØØÙ ØÙÙÙØØ ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">N-</span> Ù ÙÙ ØØØ ÙÙØØ ØØ 32 ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. ØØÙ ØÙ ØØØÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ÙØØØÙØØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">SEMMNS, SEMMNI</span> ÙØÙÙ ØØ ØÙØØÙØ ØÙÙÙ.</font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ØÙØÙ ØØØØØÙ ØÙÙÙ ØÙØØ ØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙØ â ØÙØÙÙØÙØÙ ÙØÙØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØØØ <span lang="en-us">crash</span>â ÙØØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÚØ ÙÙØØÙ ØØØ ÚÙØ ØÙÚØÙ ØØØØ ØØØÙØÙØÙ ØÙ ØÙÙÙ ØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ØÙØÙÙØÙØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ÙÙÙâÙÙØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØØÙÙÙØÙ ÙØÙØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ÙØØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.5>3.5</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØØØÙØØ ØØÙØ ÙØØÙÙÙØ ØØ ÙÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙ ØÙØØ ÙÙØ ÙØØ ÙÙØ ØØ ÙØØÙÙÙ ÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL </span>ØÙÙ ØÙ ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙØâÙØÙ ÙÙÙÙÙØÙ ØÙ ØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØ. ØØÙØ ÙØØÙÙâÙØ ÙØØØ ÙÙØØÙØ ØÙ <span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ÙØØÙ ØÙÙØ ÙÚØ ØÙÙÙ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">tcp_sockets</span> ØØ ÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">postgresql.conf</span> ÙØØÙ ØØÙ Ù ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ØØ ØØÙØØ ÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">PGDATA/ph_hba.conf</span> ÙÙÙØâØÙØØÙ ÙØØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙØØØÙ ÙÙØ ÙØØÙ ØÙØ. ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØØØÙØØ <span lang="en-us">TCP/IP</span> ØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØÙØØØ ÙØØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.6>3.6</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ÙØØØÙÙ ØØÙØØØ Ù ØÙØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ÚÙ ØÙØÙÙØØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙ ØÙØ ØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙØÙØâÙØ ØØØØ ØØÙØ ØÙØÙ ØØØØ ÙØØØâÚÙÙÙ ØÙ ØØØÙØØØâÙØ ØÙØÙØ ØØ. ØØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">EXPLAIN ANALYZE</span> ØÙ ØÙØ ØÙÙØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙØØØØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙØ ØÙØØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØ ÙÙâØÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÚØ ØÙØ ØØØØØ ØÙØØÙ<span lang="en-us"> INSERT</span>â ØØØÙØ ØØÙ ÙÙÙØ ØÙÙØ ØØ ØØ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ ØØ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ØØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">COPY</span>â ØØØØ ÙÙÙØ. ØÙÙ ØØØÙØ ØÙ ÙØØØØ ØØ <span lang="en-us">INSERT</span> ØØÙØØØ ØØØ. ØØÙâØÙØÙÙØÙ ØØÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØ ØØØÙÙØÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙÙØ. ØØØÙÙØÙØ ÙØÙÙØÙ ØØØÙØØØÙ ÙØØÙØ ÙÙ ØÙÙØ <span lang="en-us">BEGIN</span> Ù â<span lang="en-us">COMMIT</span> ÙÙâØÙÙØ. ØÚØ ÙÙ ØØØÙØ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØØØÙ ØØØØ ØÙØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØÙØ ØÙ ØØØÙØ ØØ ØÙ ØÙØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙÙØ ÙØØÙÙ ÙÚØÙ ÙØØÙ Ù ØØØØ ÙÙâÙÙØ. ÙÙÙØÛ ÙÙ ØØÙÙØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ØÙØÙØÙØÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ØØÙ Ù ÙØØØØÙâ ØÙØØØ ÙÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">o -F-</span> ØØ ÙØÙØÙ <i><span lang="en-us">postmaster</span></i> ØØØØ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ÙØØÙ <span lang="en-us">()fsync</span> ÙÙâØÙØ. ØÙÙ ØØØÙØ ØØØ ØØ ÙØ ØØØÙÙØ ØØÙØØØØ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØØØØÙØÙ ÙÙØÙÙ ÙÙâÙÙØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙ ØÙØØÙØ ØØØØØ ØØÙØÙØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØØØÙÙ ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">B-</span> ØÙ ÙÙØØÙ ÙØÙØÙ <i><span lang="en-us"> postmaster</span></i> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. ØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ØÚØ ØÙÙ ØØØ ØÙÙÙ ØØØÚ ØØØØ ÙÙÙÙ ØØØ <i><span lang="en-us">postmaster</span></i> ØØÙØÙâ ØØØØ ÙØÙØ. ÙØ ØØÙØ 8 ÙÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙØØ ØØØØ Ù ØØØØØ ØØÙØÙØ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙØ ÙØØ 64 ØØØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">S-</span> ÙÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙâØÙ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØØØâØØØÙâÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ ØÙØØ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ØØ ØÙØØÙØ ØØØ. ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØ ÙØØ 512 ÙÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØØ.</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">CLUSTER</span> ÙÙØ ØØØÙ ØØÙØ ØØØÙ ÙØØØÙÙ ÙÙØØ Ø ØØ. ØØØÙØ ØØÙÙÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">CLUSTER</span> ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.7>3.7</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙ ØÙÙØÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙØØ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙâ ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="en-us">PostgerSQL</span>â ØÙÙØÙØØ ÙØØÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ÚØØØØ ØØØÙ ÙØØÙØ ØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ ØÙÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØ.</font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us"> enable-assert--</span> ØØØØØ ØÙØØÙ <span lang="en-us">()assert</span> ØØØÙ ÙÙÙÙØÙØ ÙØØÙ Ù ØÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ØØ ØÙØØ ØØÙØ ØØØÙØÙ ÙØØÙØØØÙ ÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÙ <i><span lang="en-us">Postmaster</span></i> Ù ÙÙ <i><span lang="en-us">postgres</span></i> ÚØÙÙÙâÙØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØÙÙ ØØØÙØ. ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ <i><span lang="en-us">postmaster</span></i> ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ ØØØØÙØØØØ Ù ØØØ ØØ ØÙØ ÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">log</span> ØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></P> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> cd /usr/local/pgsql ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 & </font></PRE> </div> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙÙ ÙØØ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ<span lang="en-us"> log</span> ØØ ØØÙØØØÙÙ ØØØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span>â ØÙØØØ ÙÙâÙÙØ. ØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÙØØØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ØØ ÙÙØØ ÙØØØÙ Ù ØØØÙØÙÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙØ ØØÙØÙ ØÙØØØÙ ØØØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">d-</span> ØÙ ÙÙØØÙ ÙØÙØÙ <i><span lang="en-us">postmaster</span>â</i> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØ. ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">d-</span> ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØ ÙÙâÚÙØØ ÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ØØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">Log</span>âÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ. ØØ ØØÙØØØØÙ ØÙÙ ØØØ ØØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙÙÙØ ØØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">Log</span>ÙØÙÙ ÙÙØ ØÙØØÙØ ÙÙâÙØØØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÚØ <i><span lang="en-us">postmaster</span></i> ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ ÙØØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">postgres</span> ØØ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙØØÙÙÙ ØØ ØØ ÙØÙØÙ ØØØØ ÙØØÙ Ù ØØØÙØØØ <span lang="en-us">SQL</span> ØØ ØÙ ØÙ ØØÙÙÙ. ØÙÙ ÙØØ ÙÙØ ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙâÙØØÙ ØÙØÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØ. ØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙÙ ØØØÙØ ØØ ÙØØØÙØØ <span lang="en-us">newline</span> ØØØÙÙ ÙÙØØ ÙÙâÙÙØ Ù ÙÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">;. </span>ØÚØ <span lang="en-us">postmaster</span> ØØ ØØ ØÙÙØÙØØ ØØÙØÙâÙØØÙ ÙØÙÙÙÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ØØÙØÙâÙØØ ØØØØÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙÙÙØÙØ ÙÙÙØ. </font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÚØ <i><span lang="en-us">postmaster</span></i> ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ ØØØØ ØØ ØØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">psql</span> ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØÙ <span lang="en-us">postgres</span> ÙØØÙ ØØ. ØØ ÙÙØØ ÙØØÙ <span lang="en-us">PID</span> ÙØØÙÙØ <span lang="en-us">postgres</span> ÙÙ <span lang="en-us">psql</span> ØÙ ØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØÙ ØØ ÙÙÙÙØÙØ ÙØØ. ØØØÙ ØÙÙÙØØ ØØÙØ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ØØÙØÙâÙØØ ØØ ØÙ ØÙ <span lang="en-us">pid</span> ÙØØÙ ÙØØ. ØÚØ ØØÙØÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">postgres</span> ØØ ÙÙÙÙØÙØ ÙÙÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØØ<span lang="en-us"> "PGOPTIONS="-W</span> <span lang="en-us">n</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">psql</span> ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙÙÙ. ØÙÙ ÙØØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙ <span lang="en-us">postgres</span> ØØ <span lang="en-us">n</span> ØØÙÙÙ ØØØÙØ ØØØØ ØÙØ Ù ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØØÙÙ ØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØÙØÙÙ ØØÙØÙâÙØØ ØØ ØÙ ØÙ ÙØØÙ ÙØØÙ Ù ØØ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØÙ ØÙÙÙ ØÙÙØ ØØØØÙ ØÙ ØØ ÙÙÙÙØÙØ ÙÙÙØ.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><i><span lang="en-us">postgres</span></i> ÚØÙÙÙâÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">s-</span>â Ù <span lang="en-us">A-</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">t-</span>â ØØØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙØØ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙØØ ØØÙØØ ÙÙØØØ ÙØØÙØ.</font></P> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ <span lang="en-us">postgreSQL</span> ØØ ØØ ØÙÙØÙØØ <span lang="en-us">profiling</span> ÙØÙÙÙÙ ÙÙÙØ. ØÙÙ ÙØØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØØÙ ØÙÙÙ ÙØ ØØØØ ØØ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙØØØ ØÙØ. ØØÙØÙâÙØÙ ØÙÙÙØ ØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØ ÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">DLINUX_PROFILE.</span> ØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.8>3.8</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙ ØÙÙ ÙÙØÙ</span> <I> "Sorry, too many clients" <span lang="fa">â</span></I><span lang="fa">ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØ ØØÙØ ØØØÙØØ ØØØØØ ÙØØÙÙØÙØÙ ÙÙØÙØÙ <i> <span lang="en-us">postmaster</span></i> ØØ ØÙØØÙØ ØÙÙØ. ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØ ÙØØ 32 ØØØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØØÙØ ØÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">N-</span> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØ Ù ÙØ ÙØÙÙ <i><span lang="en-us">postgresql.conf</span></i> ØØ ØØÙØØ ÙÙÙØ</font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ØÚØ <span lang="en-us">N-</span> ÙÙØØØÙ ØÙØØØ ØØ 32 ØØØØÙ ØØØØ ØØÙØ ÙÙØØØ <span lang="en-us">B-</span> ØØ ÙÙØ ØÙØØÙØ ØÙÙÙ. ØÙÙ ÙÙØØØ ØØÙØ ØØØÙÙ ØÙ ØØØØØ ÙÙØØØ <span lang="en-us">N-</span>â ØØØØ. ØØØÙ ØØØØØ ØÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØÙØ ØØØÙ ØØ ÙØØØÙØØÙØÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙØ ØØÙØØ ÙØØ. ÙØØØÙØØÙØÙÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØØØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">SHMMAX</span> Ø ØØØÙØØ ØØØØØ ØÙØÙÙØÙØ<span lang="en-us"> SEMMNI</span>â Ù <span lang="en-us"> SEMMNS </span>Ø ØØØÙØØ ØØØØØ ÙØØÙÙØÙØ <span lang="en-us">NPROC</span>Ø ØØØÙØØ ÙØØÙÙØÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙØØØØ <span lang="en-us">MAXUPRC</span> Ù ØØØÙØØ ÙØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØ <span lang="en-us">NFILE</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">NINODE. </span>ÙÙÙ ØØ ØÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØØØ ØØØØÙØØ ÙÙØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">postgreSQL</span> ÙØØÙØ ØØØ ØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙØØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">PostgreSQL</span> ØÙØ ØØ ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØÙØ ØÙØØÙ ÙØØØØ.</font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.9>3.9</A>) <span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØØÙ </span> <I>pgsql_tmp</I> <span lang="fa"> ÚÙ ÚÙØÙ ÙØØØ ØØØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙÙØÙ ÙØØØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ØØ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØØØÙØ ØÙ ÙØÙØ ØÙØÙ ØØØ. ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ØÚØ ØØØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØ <span lang="en-us">order by</span> ÙÙØØ ØÙ ØÙØØÙ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ ØØØØ Ù ØØ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØØ ØØÙ ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ <span lang="en-us">S-</span> ØØØÙ ØÙÙÙØØ ÙØÙÙ ÙØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØØØ ÙÙâÙÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ ØØ ØÙØØÙ ØÙØ.</font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙØÙÙÙØÙ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØØÙÙØØÙÙ ÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ØÙØ ØÚØ <span lang="en-us">postgreSQL</span> ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ <span lang="en-us">crash</span>â ÙÙØ ØÙ ÙØÙÙÙØ ØØÙÙ ÙÙâÙØÙÙØ. ØØ <span lang="en-us">stop</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">start</span> ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙÙ <i> <span lang="en-us">postmaster</span></i> ØÙÙ ÙØÙÙÙØ ÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙÙØ.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.10>3.10</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ØØØÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ÙØØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØ ØØ </span>dump<span lang="fa">â Ù ÙØØØØÙ </span>restore<span lang="fa"> ÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ <span lang="en-us">postgreSQL</span> ØØ ÙØØÙâÙØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØ <span lang="en-us">minor</span> ØÙÙØ ÙØÙØÙØ ØØØ ÙÙØ ØØÙÙØØØ ÙÙÚÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØØ ØÙØØØØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØØÙ <span lang="en-us">7.2</span>âØÙ 7.2.1<span lang="en-us"> </span>ÙÙØØÙ ØÙ <span lang="en-us">dump</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">restore</span> ÙÙØØ. ØÙØ ØØ ÙØØÙâÙØÙÙ ÙÙ <span lang="en-us">major</span> ØÙÙØ ØØÙÙØ ÙÙâÙÙØ ØØÙØØÙ ØØØØØØ ØØØÙÙ ØØØÙÙ Ù ÙØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙÙØ ÙÙâÙÙØ. ØÙÙ ØØÙÙØØØ ÙØÙÙÙØÙâ ÙÙÚÙØÙ ÙØØÙØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙØÙ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ÙÙØÙØ ØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØÙØ âØØ <span lang="en-us"> dump</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">restore</span> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØ.</font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ÙØØÙâÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØØØØ ØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØÙÙØÙ ÙÙÙâÙÙØ ÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">pg_upgrade</span> ØØØÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØ ØØÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ <span lang="en-us">dump</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">restore </span> ØØØØ. ØØ ÙØØØØØØÙ ÙÙ ØÙ ÙÙØØÙ ÙØ ØÙØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØ ØÙØ ØØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØÙØ ØØÙØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">pg_upgrade</span> ØØØÙ ØÙÙ ØÙØÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ÙØ ØÙØ.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=3.11>3.11</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØ ÚÙ ØØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span><BR> </font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">ÚÙÙ ØÙØØ ØØØâØÙØØØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">PC </span> ØØØÚØØ ÙØØÙØ ÙØØÙ ÙÙØ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ ØÙÙØ ÙÙØ ÙÙØØÙ ØØØ. ØØ ØØÙÙÙÙ ØÙÙØÙØ ÙÙØØ. ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØØØÙØÙ <span lang="en-us">SCSI</span> Ù ØØÙØÙâÙØÙ <span lang="en-us"> ECC</span> Ù ÙØØØØØØÙØÙ ØØ ÙÙÙÙØ ØØÙØ ÙØØØ ØÙ ØØØ ØÙØØØÙØÙ ØØØØÙØØ ÙØØÙØ ØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØØ ÙØØØÙÙ Ù ÙØÙØØØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙØØÙ ØÙØÙØ ØØØØ.<span lang="en-us"> PostgreSQL</span> ØÙÙ ØÙØØØ ØØØ ØÙØØØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ØÙØ ØÚØ ÙØØØÙÙ Ù ØØÙÙÙØÙ ÙØÙØÙØÙØÙ ÙÙÙÙ ÙØØÙØ ØØÙØ ØØØ ØÙØØØ ÙÙØØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ. ØØ ÚØÙÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØØ ØØØ ØÙØØØ ÙÙØØØ Ù ØÙØØØØ ØÙ ØØØ ØØÙ ØØØ. </font></P> <HR dir="rtl"> <H2 align=center dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØÙØØ ØÙÙÙØØÙ</font></span></H2> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.1>4.1</A>) ØÙØÙØ ØÙÙ <span lang="en-us">binary cursors</span> Ù <span lang="en-us">Normal cursors</span> ÚÙØØØ</font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÙØ </span>DECLARE<span lang="fa">â ØØ ÙØØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.2>4.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙØ ØÙÙ ÚÙØ ØØÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙØ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØØØÙÙ ØØØÙØØØ </span> SELECT<span lang="fa">â ØØÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÙØ </span>FETCH <span lang="fa"> ÙØ </span>SELECT...LIMIT<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØÙÙÙØ.</span></font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØÙØ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØÙØ ØØØØÙ Ù ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ØØÙ ØÚØ ØÙØ ÙÙØ ÚÙØ ØØÙÙ ØÙÙ ØØ ØØÙØÙÙØ. ØØØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙØØØ </span> ORDER BY<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØ ÙØØ ØÚÙØÙØ. ØÚØ ØÙØÙØ ÙØ ÙÙØÙÙâØÙ ØØØÙ </span> ORDER BY<span lang="fa"> ÙØÙØ ØØØØÙ ØØØØØâ</span>postgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ÙÙÙÙ ØØØ ØØÙØÙØ ÙÙØ ÚÙØ ØØØ ØÙÙ ØØØÙØØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙØ Ù ÙØ ØÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØØ ÙØØØØØ ØÙØ ØØ ØØØØØ ØØÙÙâÙØÙ ØØØÙØØØÙ ØÙÙÙØ ØÙØ.</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙ ØÙØØØØ ÙÙ ØØØ ØØØØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙÙ:</font></span><div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> SELECT col FROM tab ORDER BY random() LIMIT 1; </font></PRE> </div> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.3>4.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙÙ ÙØ ØØÙØ ÚÙØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØ </span> psql<span lang="fa">â ÙØÙØ ØØØØ ØØ ØØÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙÙØØ ØØØÙÙ ØØØÙØ </span>dt\<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØ ØØÙØÙÙ </span><i>psql</i><span lang="fa"><i>â</i> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙÙØØ ÙØÙÙ ÙØÙØÙÙØ </span>?\<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙÙØ. ØØÙ ØÙÚØ ØÙØÙØÙ ÙØÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>psql<span lang="fa">â ØØØ ÙÙ ØØ ØØØÙ </span> <I>pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c <span lang="fa">â</span></I><span lang="fa">ÙØØØ ØØØØ.<I> </I>ØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØÙÙ ÙØØÙÙÙ </span>SQL<span lang="fa">ÙÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØ ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØ </span>\<span lang="fa">âØØ </span>psql<span lang="fa"> ØØÙØ ÙÙâØÙÙØ ØÙÙÙØ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ. ØØÙ ØÙÚØ ØØØØÙ </span>psql<span lang="fa"> ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ </span>E-<span lang="fa">âØØØ. ØÙÙÙØØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙ </span>psql<span lang="fa"> ÙØÙ ØØ ØØØØ ÙØ ØØØÙØ </span>SQL<span lang="fa">âÙØÙØØØ ØÙ ØØ ÙØØÙ ØÙØ. </span> PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">âÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>SQLi<span lang="fa"> ØØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØØØÙÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØØØØØØØ ÙØØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.4>4.4</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØ ØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØØ ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙØ ØØØÙ ØÙ ØØ ØÙØ ÙÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØ ØÙØÙØ </span>7.3 <span lang="fa">ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØ </span>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙÙ ØØÙ ØØØ. ØØ ÙØØÙâÙØÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ:</span></font></P> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> BEGIN; LOCK TABLE old_table; SELECT ... -- <span lang="fa">ØÙØÙ ØØÙÙÙØ ØÙØ ØØ ØØÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØÙ ØØ ØØÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØ ØØ ØÙÙØØ ØÙØÙØÙØ</span> INTO TABLE new_table FROM old_table; DROP TABLE old_table; ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table; COMMIT; </font></PRE> </div> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ÙÙØ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ:</font></span></P> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> BEGIN; ALTER TABLE tab ADD COLUMN new_col <I>new_data_type</I>; UPDATE tab SET new_col = CAST(old_col AS <I>new_data_type</I>); ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col; COMMIT; </font></PRE> </div> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.5>4.5</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙØâ ØØÙÙ Ù ØÙØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÚÙØØ ØØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÙØØÙØÙØÙØ ØØØØØÙØ ØØ:</font></span></p> <div dir="rtl"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ </span> <span lang="fa">ÙØÙØØÙØ (ØØ 32 ØØØØØÙØ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ)</span> <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ</span> <span lang="fa">32 ØØØØØÙØ</span> <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ Ø ÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ</span> <span lang="fa">1.6 ØØØØØÙØ</span> <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ</span> <span lang="fa">1 ÚÙÚØ ØØÙØ</span> <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ</span> <span lang="fa"> ÙØ ÙØØÙØ</span> <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ ØØÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ</span> <span lang="fa"> ØØØÙ ØÙ ÙÙØ ØØÙÙ ØÙÙ 250 ØØ 6000 </span> <span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØ ØÙØÙØÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ÙØ ÙØØÙØ</span> </font></PRE></div> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ÙØÙØØÙØ ÙÙØ ÙØ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØØÙ ÙØØØØÙØÙ Ù ÙØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØÙØÙÙÙ ØÙØ. ØØ ØÙØØÙ ÚÙ ÙÙØØÙØ ÙØØØ ØØÙ ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ÙØÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØÙØ ÙØÙÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙÙØ ÙØØØÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ÙØÙØ ØÙØÙØ ÙØÙØ.</font></span></p> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙÙ ØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØÙÙÙ ØØØÚ ÙÙØØÙ ÙÙØØ ÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØÙÙ ØÙÙØÙ ØÙØØØ ÙØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÚ ØØ ØØØØÙ ØØØØ. ØÙÙÙ ØØØÙÙ ØÙÙÙ ØØØÚ ØÙ ØÙØØ ÙØÙÙÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØØÙ ÙÙ ÚÙÚØ ØØÙØ ÙÚØÙØØØÙ ÙÙâØÙÙØ.</font></span></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÚØ ØÙØØØÙ ØÙÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØØØØØ 32 ÙÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ÙØØØ ØÙÙÙ ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙÙ Ù ØØØÙØØ ØØØØØ ØØÙÙÙØ 4 ØØØØØ ØÙØÙØ ØØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.6>4.6</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙØØ ÙØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙââÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØ ÙÙØØ ØØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ </span> PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØ 5 ØØØØØ ÙØØÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙØØØØÙØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÚØÙØØØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØ ØØØØ.</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØ 100000 ØØ ØØ ØØ ÙØØ ØÚÙØÙØ ÙÙ ØØ ÙØ ØØ ÙÙ ØØØ ØØÙØ Ù ÙÙ ØÙØÙØ ÙØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ. ÙØØ ÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙØÙØØ 20 ØØÙØ ØØØØ. ØÙØØØÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØØØØ 2.8 ÙÚØ ØØÙØ ØÙØÙØ ØÙØ ÙÙÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙ ÙÚØÙØØØÙ ØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØÙ 6.4 ÙÚØ ØØÙØ ØØÙØØØØ ÙÙØØ ØÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</span></font></P> <div dir="rtl"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> 32 bytes: <span lang="fa">ØÙØØØÙ ØØØÙÙØ ÙØ ØØ ØÙ ØÙØ ØÙØÙØÙ</span> 24 bytes: <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ØØØ ØØÙØ Ù ÙÙ ØØØÙ 24 ØØÙØÙ</span> + 4 bytes: <span lang="fa">ØØØØÙ ÚØ ØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØÙ ÙÙ ÚÙØØØÙÙ</span> ---------------------------------------- 60 bytes <span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØ ØØÙÙ</span> <span lang="fa">ØÙØØØÙ ØÙØØØ ØØØÙ ØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØØØØØ ØØ 8 ÙÙÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØØ</span> 8192 <span lang="fa">ØØØØØ ØØÙØâÙØ ØØ ÙØ ØÙØÙ</span> ------------------- = 136 <span lang="fa">ØØØØØ ØØÙÙâÙØ ØØ ÙÙ ØÙØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ</span> 60 <span lang="fa"> ØØØØØ ØØÙØâÙØÙ ÙØ ØØÙÙ</span> 100000 <span lang="fa"> ØØØØØ ØØÙÙÙØ</span> -------------------- = <span lang="fa">ØØØØØØÙØØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ</span> 128 <span lang="fa">ØØØØØ ØØÙÙÙØ ØØ ÙØ ØÙØÙ</span> 735 <span lang="fa">ØØØØØ ØÙØØØ</span> * 8192 <span lang="fa">ØØØØØ ØØÙØâÙØÙ ÙØ ØÙØÙ</span> = 6,021,120 <span lang="fa">ÙÚØ ØØÙØ</span> </font></PRE> </div> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØØØ ØÙØÙØÙØ ÙØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØØ ØØØ ÙÙÙ ÚÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØÙâÙØ ÙÙ ÙØØ </font></span> <font face="Tahoma">Ù<span lang="fa">ÙÚÙ ØØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØÙÙØ ÙÙ ØØØÚ ØÙØ</span>.</font></P> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">NULL<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØÙ ØÙØØ </span>bitmap<span lang="fa"> ØØÙØÙ ÙÙâØÙÙØ Ù ØØ ØÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØÙØØ ÙÙÙ ØØ ØØØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.7>4.7</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÚÙ ÙØØØØØÙØâ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙØâ ÙÙØÙÙ Ù ØØØÙÙÙ ØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØØÙÙ ØØÙ ØØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><i>psql<span lang="fa"> </span></i> <span lang="fa">ØØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØØÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙ ØØ </span>\<span lang="fa"> ØØÙØ ÙÙâØÙÙØ Ù ØÙÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØØ ØØ ØØØÙØØ ÙØ ÙØØØ ÙÙâØÙÙØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØÙÙØ ØØØÙØ </span> ?\ <span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØØØ ÙÙÙØ. ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ØØØÙÙ ØÙØØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØ ÙØÙ ØÙÙØ </span>pg<span lang="fa">_</span> <span lang="fa">âØØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØØ ØØ ØÙØ ØØØÙØ. ØØØØÙ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>psql<span lang="fa"> ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ </span>l- <span lang="fa"> ÙÙØ ØØØØ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙØØ ØÙØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙÙØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ.</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙØÙÙ </span> <I> pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source<span lang="fa"> </span></I><span lang="fa">ÙÙØ ÙØÙØÙÙØÙ </span>SELECT<span lang="fa"> ÙÙ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØØØØØØØ ÙØØ ØØØ ØØØÙ ØØØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.8>4.8</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ØØØÙØØØÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙÙØ ÙØ ÚØØ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙ ÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙâÙÙÙØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙ ØÙØ ÙØÙÙÙ </font></span> <font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØØÙØ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙâØÙØ. ØÙÙØ ØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙ ØÙØØØÙ ØØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙ ØÙØØØÙ ØØØÙÙ ØØØÚØØ ØØØØ Ù ØØØÙØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙØ ÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙÙâÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ØØ ØÙØØØØ ÙØØÙ ØØØØ. ØÙÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙØØ ØÙ ØØØ ÙÙ ØØØØØÙâÙØÙ ØØØØÙÙ ØÙ ÙØØØØÙØÙ ÙÙ ØÙ ØØØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØÙØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙÙÙÙ ØØØ ØØ ØÙØÙØÙ ÙØØÙÙÙ ØØÙÙ ÙØ ØÙØÙØÙ ØØØÙØÙ ØÙÙØØÙØ ÙÙØØØ ØØØØ.</span></font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØØÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ÙØ ØÙØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØØÙØ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØ ÙÙØØ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØØÙØ. ØÙÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØ ØØØÙØ </span>ANALYZE<span lang="fa"> Ù </span>VACUUM ANALYZE<span lang="fa"> ØÙ ØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ. ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØØØØØâ ØÙÙÙÙ ØØØ ØØ ØØØØØ ØØÙÙâÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÙØØ ÙÙØØ ÙÙâÙÙØ Ù ØÙØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙØ ØØÙÙÙ ÙÙØ ÙÙ ØÙØ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ÙØ ØÙØ. ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙÙÙ ØØØÙØ ØÙØØÙ Ù ØÙØÙØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØÙÙÙÙ ÙÙØ ÙØØØØ ØØØØ. ØÙØ ØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØÙØ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØÙØÙâØÙ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙÙØ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙØ.</span></font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØ </span>ORDER BY<span lang="fa"> ØÙ ÙØØ ØØØÙ ÙÙÙâØÙÙØ. ØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØØÚ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØÙØ ØØØÙØÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ ØØ ØÙ ÙØØ ØØØÙ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØØÙØØØ ØÙØÙØ ØÙØ.</span></font></P> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØ ØÚØ ÙÙØØÙ ØØ </span>ORDER BY<span lang="fa">â ØØ </span>LIMIT<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ØØÙØ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ÚÙÙ ÙÙØ ÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ. ØØ ØÙÙÙØ ÙØ ÚÙØ</span> <span lang="fa">ØÙØØØ ()</span>MIN<span lang="fa">â Ù </span>()MAX <span lang="fa">ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙâÙÙÙØ ÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙÙ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØ ØÙØ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ Ù ØØØÙØ </span>ORDER BY<span lang="fa"> Ù </span> LIMIT<span lang="fa">â ØÙÙØ ØØ ØÙ ØØØ ØÙØÙÙ.</span></font></p> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> SELECT col FROM tab ORDER BY col [ DESC ] LIMIT 1; </font></PRE> </div> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÚØ ØÙØ ÙÙØ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ ÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙ ØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙØØØØ ÙÙÙØÙØ ØØØÙØÙ ØØØØØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØ ØØ ØØØÙØ </span>'</font><CODE><font face="Tahoma">SET enable_seqscan TO 'off'</font></CODE><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa"> ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØÙÙÙØ ØÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØØØØ ØÙØØÙØ ØØØØ ØØØÙØØØâÙØ ØÙØÙØ ØØ.</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ÙÙÚØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙÚÙ ÙØÙØ </span>LIKE<span lang="fa"> Ù </span>~<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ ÙÙØ ØØ ØØØÙ ØØØÙØ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØ ØÙÙØØ ØÙØ ØØÙ ØØØ ÙÙÙÙ ØØØ:</span></font></P> <ul dir="rtl"> <li dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØØØÙ ØØØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØÙØ ØÙ ØÙØ ØØÙØ ÙØØØ ØØØØ ØØØÙ ÙØØÙ:</span></font></li> <li dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØØ </span>LIKE<span lang="fa"> ÙØØÙØ ØØ ØÙØÙØ </span>%<span lang="fa"> ØØÙØ ØÙÙØ</span></font></span></li> <li dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙÚÙÙØÙ ÙÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØ </span> ~<span lang="fa"> ÙÙâØÙØ ØØÙØÙ ØØÙØ ØØ ØÙØÙØ </span>^<span lang="fa"> ØØÙØ ØÙØ</span></font></li> <li dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØØØØÙ ÙØØÙØ ØØ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙØÙ ØØ ÙØØØÙØØâÙØ ÙØÙ </span>[a-e]<span lang="fa"> ØØÙØ ØÙØ</span></font></li> <li dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØØÙÙØÙ ØÙØØØØØ ØÙ ÙØÙ ÙØÙ </span>ILIKE<span lang="fa">â Ù </span>*~<span lang="fa"> ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙâÙÙÙØ. ØØ ØÙØ ØØ ØÙØØØ ÙÙØÙÙâØÙ ÙÙ ØØ ÙØÙØ </span> <A href="#4.12">4.12</A><span lang="fa"> ØÙØÙØ ØØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ.</span></font></li> <li dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØ ÙØØ </span>locale<span lang="fa">â ØØÙØ ØØ </span>initdb<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ.</span></font></li> </ul> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.9>4.9</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØ ØÙØØ ØÙÙÙÙâØØØ ØØØÙØØØÙØ ÙØØÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÙØ </span>EXPLAIN<span lang="fa"> ØØ ÙÚØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.10>4.10</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙØÙÙ </span>R-tree<span lang="fa">â ÚÙØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ÙÙØÙÙ </span>R-Tree <span lang="fa"> ØØØÙ ØÙØÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ÙØØÙÙâØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ. ÙÙ ÙÙØÙÙ </span>hash<span lang="fa"> ÙÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØØØÙÙØÙ ÙØØÙØÙâØÙ ØØ ØÙØØÙ ØÙØ. ÙÙØÙÙ</span> "B-tree"<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØ ØØØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØØØÙÙ ÙØØÙØÙâØÙ ØØ ÙÙ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØØ. ØÙØ </span>R-Tree<span lang="fa"> ÙÙâØÙØÙØ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ÚÙØ ØØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ÙÙØ. ØØØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØÚØ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙ </span>R-tree<span lang="fa">â ØØØÙ ÚÙÙÙ </span>Point<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ØØØØ ØØØÙØØØâÙØÙÙ ÙØÙØ "</span>select all points within a bounding rectangle<span lang="fa">" ØÙ ÙØØØØ ØÙØØÙØ ÙÙâÙØØØ.</span></font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÙÙØÙÙâØÙ ÙÙ ØØØØÙ </span>R-tree<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØÙØÙØ ØØØÙ ØØØ </span></font></P> <P><font face="Tahoma">Guttman, A. "R-trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.</font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">R-tree<span lang="fa">â ÙÙâØÙØÙØ ÚÙØØÙØÙÙØ Ù ÚÙØ ÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ÙÙØ. ØØ ØØÙØÙ </span>R-tree<span lang="fa"> ÙÙâØÙØÙØ ØØØØØ ØØØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØ ØÙ ÙÙØ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ÙÙØ. ØØ ØÙÙ ØÙØØÙ </span>R-tree<span lang="fa">â ÙÙØØ ØÙ ÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØØØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.11>4.11</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÙÙÙÙ ØØØ ØÙÙÙÙÙ ØØØÙØØØ ÚÙØØØ</span> (Genetic Query Optimizer)</font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ </span>GEQO<span lang="fa"> ØØØØ ØÙÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØ ÙÙÚØÙÙÙÙ ØØØØØ ØÙØØÙ ØØÙÙ ØØ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙÚÙØÙØÙ ÚÙØÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙÙ ØÙØØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.12>4.12</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØ ØØØØØØ ÙÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØØØÙÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØØ ØÙ ÙØÙ ÙØØØØØ ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ØØØØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØØ ØÙ ÙØÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØØØØÙÙ ØØØØØ ÙÙØÙ ØØ ØÙÙÚØ </span>~<span lang="fa">â ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙÙ. ØØØÙ ØØØØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØØ ØÙ ÙØÙ ØØ ØÙÙÚØ </span>*~ <span lang="fa">Ù ÙØ </span>ILIKE<span lang="fa">â ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙÙ.</span></font></P> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØ ØÙÚØ ØÙØØÙ ØØØØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØØ ØÙ ÙØÙ ØØ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ.</font></span></p> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> SELECT * FROM tab WHERE lower(col) = 'abc'; </font></PRE> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙÙâÙØÙ ØØØØÙØØØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙâÙÙØ. ÙÙÙ ØÙØ ÙÙ ØÙØÙÙØ ØØ ØØØÙØ ØÙØ ÙÙ ÙÙØÙÙ ØÙØØØ ÙÙÙØ Ù ØØ ØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</font></span></p> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col)); </font></PRE> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.13>4.13</A>) I<span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ </span>NULL<span lang="fa">â ØØØØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙØØØ </span>IS NULL<span lang="fa"> Ù </span>IS NOT NULL<span lang="fa"> ÙÙâØÙØÙÙÙ </span>NULL<span lang="fa"> ØÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØ ØØØ ÙÙÙÙ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.14>4.14</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÙØÙØ ØÙÙ ÚÙÙÙâÙØÙ ÙØØÙÙ </span>character<span lang="fa"> ÚÙØØØ</span></font></H4> <PRE><font face="Tahoma">Type Internal Name Notes -------------------------------------------------- VARCHAR(n) varchar <span lang="fa">ØÙØØØÙØ ØØØÙØØ ØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØÙØ ØØÙÙ ØØØÙÙ ØØÙ ÙØØØÙØØ ØØØÙÙ</span> CHAR(n) <span lang="fa"> </span> bpchar <span lang="fa">ÙØØØÙØØÙØÙ ØÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØ ØØÙ ØÙÙ ÙØØØ ØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ</span> TEXT <span lang="fa"> </span>text <span lang="fa"> </span>Ø<span lang="fa">ØØÙØØ ØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØØ ÙÙÙâÙÙØ</span> BYTEA <span lang="fa"> </span> bytea <span lang="fa">ØØØÙÙâØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØØÙØ</span> "char" <span lang="fa"> </span>char <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙØØØÙØØ</span> </font></PRE> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÙØÙ ØØØÙÙ ÚÙÙÙâÙØ ØØ ØØ </span> system catalogue <span lang="fa">âÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØØÙÙØÙ ØØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØÙØ.</span></font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÚÙØØ ÚÙÙÙ ØÙÙ ÙÙÚÙ ØØ ÙÙØ </span>varlena <span lang="fa">ÙØØÙØ (4 ØØÙØ ØÙÙ ØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØÙÙ ØØ ÙØØØ ÙÙâÙÙØ ÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÙ ØØØÙâÙØ ÙØØØ ØØØÙØ.)âØÙØØØØÙÙ ÙØØÙ ÙØÙØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØÙ ØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØØÙÙ ØØÙ ØÙØØØ ØØØ. ØÙØ ØÙÙ ÚÙÙÙâÙØ ØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ÙØØØÙ ÙØØ ÙÙ ØÙÙÙØØ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØ ÙØØÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ.</span></font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙØØÙØ</span><font size="2">(</font><SMALL>VARCHAR(n<span lang="fa">â <font size="3">ØÙØØÙÙ ØÙØØØØ ØØØ. ØØ ØÙÙ ÚÙÙÙ ØØØÙØØ ØÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙØØÙØ ØØØ ØØ ØÙØÙ </font></span><font size="3">text<span lang="fa"> ÙÙ ÙÙÚ ÙØØÙØÙØÙ ØÙÙ ØØØÙØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙÙâÚØØØØ.(ØØ ØÙÙ ÚÙÙÙ ØØØÙØØ ØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ÚÙÚØ ØØÙØ ØÙØÙØ ØÙØ)</span></font></SMALL></font></P> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÚÙÙÙ <font size="2">(</font></font></span><font face="Tahoma">CHAR(n<span lang="fa"> <font size="3"> ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ØØ ØÙÙ ÙÙØØÙ ØØØ.ÙÙ ÚÙÙÙâ</font>Ù</span><font size="3"> </font> <font size="2"><span lang="fa">(</span></font>CHAR(n <span lang="fa"> <font size="3">ØØ ÙØØØÙØØÙØÙ ØÙØÙÙ (ØØÙÙ) ÙØ ÙÙâØÙØ ØØ ØÙ ØÙÙ ÙØØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ ØØ ØØÙÙÙÙ ÚÙÙÙ </font></span><font size="3">VARCHAR</font><font size="3"><span lang="fa"> ÙØØØÙØØÙØ ØØ ØÙ ÙÙØÙ ØÙØØ ÙÙ ÙØØÙØ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙâÙÙØ. ÚÙÙÙ </span>BYTEA<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ØØÙÙØÙ ØØØ ØÙ ØØÙØ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ØØÙÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÙØâÙØÙ </span> NULL<span lang="fa"> ÙØØÙØ. ØØ ÙØØ ÙØØØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØÙÙ ÚÙÙÙâÙØ ÙÙØØÙ ÙØØÙØ.</span></font></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.15.1>4.15.1</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ ÙØ ØÙØØÙØÙ ØÙØØØ ÙÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØØÙâÙØÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØÙØØÙÙ ÙÙâÙÙØ. ØØØÙ ØÙØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ (ØØØÙ ØØØØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ÙÙØØØ ØÙ ÙØØ ØØØÙ ÙØ ØØÙÙ )ØÙ ØÙØ ØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ:</span></font></p> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> CREATE TABLE person ( id SERIAL, name TEXT ); </font></PRE> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÙØ ØØÙØ ØÙ ØÙØ ØØÙÙØØÙÚ ØÙ ØØØÙØ ØÙØ ØØØÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØ:</font></span></p> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq; CREATE TABLE person ( id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'), name TEXT ); </font></PRE> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÙØØØ ØÙ ØØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÙØ </span> <I>create_sequence</I> <span lang="fa"> ÙØØØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. ÙÙÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ </span>OID<span lang="fa">âÙØ ØØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØØØ ØÙ ÙØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØ. ØÙØ ØØ ØÙÙ ØØÙØ ØØØÙ </span>dump<span lang="fa"> ÙØØÙ Ù </span> reload<span lang="fa">âÙØØÙ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙØ ØØØÙØ </span><i>pg_dumps</i><span lang="fa"><i>â</i> ØØ ØØ ÚØÙÙÙ </span>o-<span lang="fa">â ØØØØ ÙÙÙØ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.15.2>4.15.2</A>) <span lang="fa"> ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØØ ÙÙ ØØØ ØØÙØÙÙ ØØ ØØØÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØÙ ÚØÙØÙ ÙÙØØØ ØØØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØØ </span><i>()nextval</i><span lang="fa"> ØØØ.</span> <span lang="fa">ØØ ØØÙ ÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØ ØØØÙÙ ØÙØÙ ØØØ ØÙØ ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙ ÙØØ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ:</span></font></P> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')"); execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')"); </font></PRE> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ØØØØ ØØØÙØ ÙÙÙ ÙÙØØØ ØØÙØ ØØ ØØ ÙØØÙØ </span>new_id<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØ ØÙØÙÙØØØØØ ÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØÙ ØØ ØØ ØÙÙÙ ØØØÙØØØâÙØÙ ÙÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. ØÙØÙ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙØ ÙÙ ÙØÙ </span>SEQUENCE<span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ØØÙÙØØÙÙ ØÙØØØ ØØÙ ØØØ ØÙ ØÙØØ </span><i>table</i>_<I>serialcolumn</I>_<I>seq<span lang="fa">â </span></I><span lang="fa">ØÙØÙØ ØÙØ</span>. <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ØØ ØÙ </span> table<span lang="fa">â ÙØÙ ØØÙÙ Ù </span>serialcolumn<span lang="fa"> ÙØÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ ØØÙÙ ÙÙâØØØØ.</span></font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙÙØØØ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ ØØØØ <i>()</i></span> <I>currval </I> <span lang="fa">ØÙ ØÙØØ ØÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØ. </span></font></P> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')"); new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')"); </font></PRE> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">Ù ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØØ ÙÙØØØ </span>OID<span lang="fa"> ÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØØÙØ </span>INSERT <span lang="fa"> ØØØ ØØØÙ ØÙØÙ ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØ ÙØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÙØ. ÙØ ÚÙØ ØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØ ÙÙÙ ÙÙØÙØÙÙØ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙØØ Ù ØÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙ ÙÙÙØ </span>oid<span lang="fa">â ØØØ ØØ ØØØ 4 ÙÙÙÙØØØ ØÙØØØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙâØÙØ. ØØ ØØØÙ </span>perl<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ </span>DBI<span lang="fa"> Ù </span>DBD::Pg<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØØØ </span>oid<span lang="fa">âØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙØ ØÙ ØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØØØØØ ÙÙÙØ:</span> <span lang="fa">ØØØ ØØ ØØØØÙ ()</span>st->execute<span lang="fa">$ ÙÙØØØ </span>oid<span lang="fa">â ØØ ÙØØÙØ </span> <I>sth->pg_oid_status<span lang="fa">$</span></I><span lang="fa"> ØØÙØÙ ØÙØÙØ ØØ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.15.3>4.15.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ØÛØ ØÙØØØ ()</span>nextval<span lang="fa"> Ù ()</span>currval<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØØ ØÙ ØÛØØØ ØØØÛØ </span>race<span lang="fa"> ØØØÛ ØØÛØ ÚØØØØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙÙØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÛØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÛÙ ØÙØØØ ØØØÛØ </span>race<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØÙ ÙØÙØ ÙÙÛ ØÙØØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.15.4>4.15.4</A>)</font><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa"> ÚØØ ØØØØØ ØØÛØÙÛ ÙØØÙØ ØÙ ØØØÚÙØÙØÛ </span>abort<span lang="fa"> ØØÙ ÙØØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙÛ ØÙØØ ÚØØ ØÛÙ ØØØØØ ØØÛØÙÛ ÛÚ ÙØØÙÙ ØØÙÛ ØÛØØØ ÙÛ ØÙØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÛ ØØÙØ ØØØÙ ØÙÚØÙ ØØØØÛ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØØØÚÙØÙØØ ØØØØØ ØØÛØÙÛ ØÙ ÙØØ ØØØØÛ ØØØÚÙØ ØÙ ØÙÙØ ØØØÛØ ÙÛ ÛØØØ ØØ ØÛÙ ØØÙØ ØÚØ ØØØÛ ØØ ØØØÚÙØÙØ </span>abort<span lang="fa"> ØÙÙØ ØÛÙ ØØØØØ ØØÛØÙÛ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØÙ ÛÚ ÙØØÙÙ ØØÙÛ ØÙ ÙØÙØ ÙÛ ØÛØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.16>4.16</A>) OID<span lang="fa"> Ù </span> TID<span lang="fa"> ÚÙ ÙØØÙØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">OID<span lang="fa"> ØØÙ ØÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØØØÛ ØØØØÙ ÛÚ ØÙØØÙ ÙÙØØØ ØÙ ÙØØ ØØØÛ ÙØ ØØÛÙ ØØØ. ÙØ ØØÛÙ ØØÛØÛ ÚÙ ØÛØØØ ÙÛ ØÙØ ÛÚ </span>OID<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØØØ ØÙ ÙØØ ØÙ ØÙ ØØØØØØ ÙÛ ÛØØØ. ØÙØÙ </span>OID<span lang="fa">ÙØÛÛ ÚÙ ØØ ØÛÙ </span>initdb<span lang="fa"> ØÛØØØ ÙÛ ØÙÙØ ØØ 16384 ÚÙØØ ÙØØÙØ Ù </span>OID<span lang="fa">ÙØÛÛ ØØØØÙ ØÙÙÛØ ÙÛ ØÙØ ØØ ØÛÙ ØØØ ØØØÚØØ ØÙØÙØ ØÙØ. ÙÚØÙ ÙÙÙ ØÙ ØØØ ÚÙ </span>OID<span lang="fa">ÙØ ÙÙ ØÙÙØ ØØ ÛÚ ØØÙÙ ØØÛÙ ÙÛØØÙØ ØÙÚÙ ØØ ÚÙ ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÛÚ ØÙ ØØÛÙÛ ØØØØÛ </span>OID<span lang="fa"> ÛÚØØÙ ÙØÙØÙØ ØÙØ.</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØØ </span>OID<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØÛØØÙ ØØØÙÛ ØÙØ ØØØÛ ØÛØØØ ØØØØØØ ØÛÙ ØØÛÙÙØÛ ØØØÙÙ ÙØØÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ÚÙØ. ØÙØÛÙ ÙÛ ØÙØ ÚÙ ÛÚ ØØÙÙ ØØ ÙÙØ </span>OID<span lang="fa"> ØØØÛ ØØÛØÙ ØÛÙ ÙÛÙØ ØØ ØØÙÙ ØÛØØØ ÚÙÛØ. ØØØØÙ ÛÚ ÙÙØÛÙ ØØØÛ ØÛÙ ÙÛÙØ ØØØØ ØØØØØÛ ØØÛØØØ ØÙ ØÙ ØÙØÙØ ØØ.</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØÙ ÙØÛÚØÙÙØÛ ØØØÙ ØØ </span> PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØØØÛ ÚØÙØÙ </span>OID<span lang="fa"> ØØÛØ ØØ ÛÚ ÙØØÛÙ ÙØÚØÛ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ÚÙØ. ÙÙÛ ØÚØ ØØÙØÙÛÙ </span>OID<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØÙ ØÙØ ØÛÚØÛ ØÚÛØÛÙ Ù ÛØ ØÛÙÚÙ ØØ ØÛÙ ÚÙÛ ÚØØÙ ÛÚ ØØÙÙ ØØÙØÙÛÙ </span>OID<span lang="fa">ÙØÛ ØØÙÛ ØÙ ØØÛÛØ ÙÚÙØ ØÙ ØÙØ ØÛØ ÙÛ ØÙØÙÛÙ ØÙÙ ÚÙÛÙ:</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"> </P> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> CREATE TABLE new_table(mycol int); SELECT oid AS old_oid, mycol INTO tmp_table FROM old_table; COPY tmp_table TO '/tmp/pgtable'; COPY new_table WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable'; DROP TABLE tmp_table; </font></PRE> </div> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">OID<span lang="fa"> ÛÚ ØØØ ØØÛØ 4 ØØÛØÛ ØØØ Ù ØÙØØØØÛÙ ØØØÚØØ ÙÙØØØ ØÙ 4 ÙÛÙÛØØØ ØÙØÙØ ØÙØ Ù ØØØ ØØ ØÙ ÙÙØØØ ØÙ ØØØÛØ ØÙØÙØ ØØ. ØÙØØÙ ØØ ÚÙÙÙ ØØØÛ ÚØÛ ØÛÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙÛÙØØØÙ ØØØ Ù ØØÙÛÙ ÚØØØÙØÚØÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ØÙ ØØØ ÚÙ ÙØÙ ØØ ØÙÚÙ ØÛÙ ØØÙØÙ ØØ ØÙØ ØÛÙ ÙØÚÙ ØØ ØØØØÙ ÚÙÙØ.</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">TID<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØØØÛ ØÙØØØÛÛ ÙØÙ ÙÛØÛÚÛ ÛÚ ØØÛÙ ØØ ØØØØ ØÙÙÚ Ù ØÙØØ ÙÛ ØØØØ. </span>TID<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØØØ ØØ ØØÛÛØ ÙÛØØ ÚØØÙ ÛÚ ØØÛÙ Ù ÛØ ØØØØÙØÙÛ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙÛ ØÙÙØ. </span>TID<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØÙØØ ÙÙØÛÙ ÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙÙØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.17>4.17</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØØÙÙØ Ù ÙÙÙØØÙ ÙÙ ØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâØÙØ ÚÙØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÙÛØØ ØØØÛ ØØ ØØÙÙØ Ù ÚÙÙØØÛ ÚÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙÙØ:</span></font></P> <UL> <LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">table, relation, class <span lang="fa"> :ÚÙØØØ ØØØØÙØ ØØÙÙ</span></font><LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">row, record, tuple <span lang="fa">ÚÙØØØÛÛØ ØÚÙØØØ ØØÛÙ</span></font><LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">column, field, attribute <span lang="fa"> ØÙØØ ÙÛÙØØ ØØÙÙ</span></font><LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">retrieve, select <span lang="fa">ØÙØØØØØ ØÙØÙØÙ</span></font><LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">replace, update<span lang="fa">ØÙ ØÙØ ÚØØÙØ ØØÛÚØÛÙÛ</span> </font> <LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">append, insert <span lang="fa">ØØØØ ØØØÙÙ ÚØØÙ</span></font><LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma"><SMALL>OID</SMALL>, serial value <span lang="fa">ÙÙØØØ ØØÛØÙ</span></font><LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">portal, cursor </font> <LI dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma">range variable, table name, table alias </font> </LI></UL> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ÛÚ ÙÛØØ ØÙÙÙÛ ØØ ØØÙÙØÛ ÙÙØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØØØØ </span> <A href="http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html";> http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.htm</A> <span lang="fa">ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.18>4.18</A>) <span lang="fa"> ÚØØ ÙÙ ØØØÙ </span><i>"ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc"</i><span lang="fa"> ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÛÙ ØØØ ØØØÙØÙØÙ ÛØ ØÙ ØØØØ ØÙØÙ ØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØØÛ ØÛØØÙ ØÙØØØ Ù ÛØ ØÛÙÚÙ ÚØÙÙ ØØØÛ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙØ ØØ ÙÙØØ ÙÛØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØØÛ ÙØØÙØÛØ ØØÙØÙ ÚØØÙ ØØØ. ÙØÙ ØØ ØØØØÛ ØØÙØÙÙ ØØÙÛ ÛÚÛ ØØ ØØØÙØØØ ØÛØ ØØ ØØØØ ÚÙÛØ.</span></font></P> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> ulimit -d 262144 limit datasize 256m </font></PRE></div> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙ ØÙ ÙÙØ ØÙ ÛÚÛ ØØ ØÛÙ ØØØÙØØØ ÙÙÚÙ ØØØ ØØ ÙÙÙÙÛØ ØØØØ ØÙØ. ØØ ØØØØÛ ØÙ ØØØÙØ ÙØØÙØÛØ ØØÙØÙ ÙØØØÛ ØØØÛ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙØ ØØØØØØÙ ØØÙ Ù ØØ ØÛÙ ÚØØ ØØØÙØÙØÙ ØØØÙØØØÛ ÚÙ ÙØÙØÙ ØØØ ÙÛ ØØØÙ ØØØ ØØØØ ØÙØÙØ ØØ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.19>4.19</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØØ ØØØÙØ ØÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØØÙØ ÙØ ÙØØÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙ ÚÙØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ØØØØÛ ØØØÙØ</span> <span lang="fa">()</span>SELECT version</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.20>4.20</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ ØØ ØÛÙ ØØØØÛ ØÙÙÛØØ ØÙÛ </span>large-object<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØØØÛ </span>"<I>invalid large obj descriptor</I>"<span lang="fa">ØÙ ÙØÙØ ÙÛ ØÛØØ</span></font></H4> <p align="right" dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÙØ ØØÛØ ÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙØ ØØØÙØØØÛ ÚÙ ØØ </span>large-object<span lang="fa">ÙØ ÚØØ ÙÛ ÚÙÙØ ØØ </span> BEGIN<span lang="fa"> Ù ØØØ ØØ ØÙÙØ ÙÙ ÛÚ </span>END<span lang="fa"> ØÚØØØÛØ. ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØÙ </span>large-object<span lang="fa">ÙØ ØØ ØØ ØÙØÙ ÙÙØÛÛ ØØÙ ØØØÚÙØ (</span>commit<span lang="fa">ØØÙ)</span> <span lang="fa">ÙÛ ØÙØØ. ØÙ ÙÙÛÙ ØÙÛÙ ØÙÙÛÙ ØÙØØ ØØØÛ ØÙØØÙ ÙØ ÚØØÛ ØØ ÙÙØÙ ÙÙØØ ØÙ ØØØÛ </span><i>invalid large obj descriptor</i><span lang="fa"> ØÙØÙØ ØØ.</span> <span lang="fa">ØØØÛ ØÙÙÚÛØÛ ØØ ØÛÙ ØØØ ØØÙØÙ ØØÛØ ØØ ÛÚ ØØØÚÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÚÙÛØ. ØÛÙ ÚØØ ÙÙØÙØÙØ ÚÙ ÙØÙØÙ ÚÙØÙ ØØ ØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ </span>BEGIN<span lang="fa"> Ù </span>END<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØØØØ Ù ØÙØÙØÛ ØØØÙØØØ ØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙØ.</span></font></p> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØÚØ ØÛÙ ØØØ ØØ ØØ ØÛÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÛÚ ØØØÛÙØ </span>ODBC<span lang="fa"> ØØÛØÙØ ÚØØÛØ ØØØÙØÙØÙ ØØÛØ ØÛÙ ØØØÙØ ØØ ØØØØ ÚÙÛØ: </span>set </font> <CODE><font face="Tahoma">auto-commit off</font></CODE></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.21>4.21</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØÙØØØ ÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØØØ ØÙØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ÙÙØØØ ÙÙØâÙØØ ØØØØÙ ØØØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ</span> <I>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP <span lang="fa"> </span></I><span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØÙ ÚÙÛØ ØØ ÙØØÙ ØÛØ ÙØÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÛÙ ÚØØ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ:</span></font></P> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><CODE><font face="Tahoma">CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ); </font></CODE><font face="Tahoma"> </font></PRE> </div> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.22>4.22</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚØØ "ØÙØ ØØØÙØØØÙØÙÙ" ÙÙ ØØ </span>IN<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÙâÙÙÙØ ÙÙØ ÙØØÙØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØØÙ ÙØÛ ÙØÙ ØØ 7.4 ØÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØÛØ ØØØÙØØØ Ù ØØØÙØØØ ØØÙÛ ØÙ ØÛÙ ØÙØØ ØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙØ ÚÙ ÙØØÛØ ØÙ ØØØ ØÙØÙ ØØ ØÛØ ØØØÙØØØ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØØØÛØÛ ØØØÛ ÙØ ØØÛÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙÛ ØÙØ. ØÚØ ØÛØØØØÙØØØ ØØÛÙ ÙØÛ ÚÙÛ ØØ ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ØØÙØÛ ØØÚØØØÙØ Ù ØØØÙØØØ ØÛØÙÙÛ ØØÛÙ ÙØÛ ØÛØØÛ ØØ ØØÙÙ ØÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ </span>IN<span lang="fa"> ØÙØØÛÙ ØÙØ ØØØ ØØ ØÛØ ØÛÙØÙØØ ØÙØØ ØØØ ØØ </span>EXISTS<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ</span></font></P> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> SELECT * FROM tab WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab); </font></PRE></div> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙ:</font></span></p> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> SELECT * FROM tab WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col); </font></PRE></div> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÛ ØØØØÛ ØØÛØ ØÛÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØÛØ ØØØÛ ØØÙÙ </span>subcol<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØÛÙ ØÛØØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ.</span></font></p> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØØÙ ÙØÛ ØØØ ØØ 7.4 </span> IN<span lang="fa"> ØØØÛ ØÙØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØÙ ØÚÙÛÚ ÙÛÚÛØÙ ÙÙØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØØØÙØØØ ÙØÙÙÙÛ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ÚÙØ Ù ØÙØØØØÛÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ØÙ ÙØØØ ØÙ </span>EXISTS<span lang="fa"> ØØØØÛØ ØØØØ.</span></font><H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.23>4.23</A>) <span lang="fa"> ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØØØÙ (</span>outer join<span lang="fa">) ØÙØØÙ ØÙÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØØÛ ØÙØØÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØØØÛ ØÙ ØÙØ ØÛØ ØÙÙ ÚÙÛØ:</font></span></p> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col); </font></PRE></div> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÛØ</font></span></p> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col); </font></PRE> </div> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÙØØØÙØÛ ØØÙØ </span>t1.col , t2.col<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØÙ ÙÙ ØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ÚÙØ Ù ÙÙÚÙÛÙ ØØÛÙÙØÛ </span>t1<span lang="fa"> ÚÙ ÙØÛØ ØÙÙØ ØØ </span>t2<span lang="fa"> ÙØÙØÙ ØØØ ØØ ÙÛØ ØØÙÛ ÚØØØÙØ. ØÚØ ØØ </span>RIGHT<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ÙØÛØÙ ØØ ØÚØ ØØØ. ÛØÙÛ ØØÛÙÙØÛ </span> t2<span lang="fa"> ÚÙ ÙØÛØ ØÙÙØ ØØ </span>t1 <span lang="fa">ÙØØØØ ØØ ÙØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙØ Ù ØÚØ ØØ </span>FULL<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ÙØÛØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÛÙÙØÛ </span>t1<span lang="fa"> ØØØ Ù ÙÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÛÙÙØÛ </span>t2<span lang="fa">. ØØØÙØØÙ ØØ ÚÙÙÙ </span>OUTER<span lang="fa"> ØØØÛØØÛ ØØØ ÚØØ ÚÙ ØÛÙ ÚÙÙÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ØÙÙÛ ØØØÙØÙØÛ </span>LEFT, RIGHT, FULL<span lang="fa"> ÙØÙØ ØØØØ.</span></font></P> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØØÙ ÙØÛ ÙØÙÛ ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙØÙÛÙ ØÙØØÙ ØØØØÛ ØØ ØÙ ÚÙÚ ØØØÙØÙØÛ </span>UNION, NOT IN<span lang="fa"> ØØÛÙ ØØØÛ ÚÙÛÙ. ØÛÙ ÚØØ ØØ ÙØØÙ ØÛØ ÙØØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙ ØØØ:</span><BR></font></P> <div dir="ltr"> <PRE><font face="Tahoma"> SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2 FROM tab1, tab2 WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1 UNION ALL SELECT tab1.col1, NULL FROM tab1 WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2) ORDER BY col1 </font></PRE> </div> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.24>4.24</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØØÙØØØÙØÙÙ ØØ ÚÙØ ÙØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØÙÙÙØ ÙØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ ØÛÙ ÚØØ ØÙÚØÙ ÙØÛØ ÙÛØØ. </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØ ØÙÚØÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØ ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØÛ ØØ ÙÛ ØÙØ ÚÙ ØØ ØØÙ ØØØØ ØÙ ØÙ ÙØØÙ ØØØÛØ Ù ÙÙÛ ØÙØÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØØ ØÙ ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØØÙØØÙ ÚØØ. ØÙØØÙ ÛÚ ØØÙØÙÙ ÚØØØØØÛ ØÙØ ÙÛ ØÙØÙØ ØÙ ØÙØ ÙÙØÙØÙ ØÙ ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØ ÙÙØØ ØØØÙØØÙ ÙØØØ ØØØÙ Ù ÙØØÛØ ØØ ØØ ÙÙ ØØÚÛØ ÚÙØ ÙÙÛ ÙÙÛ ØÙØÙØ ØØ ÛÚ ØØØÙØØØ ØÙ ÙØ ØÙ ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙØ ÚÙØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.25>4.25</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØØØ ÙÙâØÙØÙØ ÚÙØ ØØÙÙ ÙØ ØØÙÙ ØØØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØØ ÙØØÙ 7.3 ØØÙØÛ ÛÚ ØØØØ ÙÛ ØÙØÙØ ÚÙØ ØØÛÙ ÛØ ÚÙØ ØØÙÙ ØØØØ. ØØØÛ ØÛØÙ ØØÙØØØØ ØÛØØØ ØÙ ØØÛØ ØÛØ ÙØØØØÙ ÚÙÛØ:</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions";>http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions</A><span lang="fa"> </span> </font><H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.26>4.26</A>) <span lang="fa">ØØ ØÙØØØ </span>PL/PgSQL<span lang="fa"> ÚØØ ÙÙÙâØÙØÙ ØØ ØØÙÙÙØÙ ØØØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØ ØÙØØØ ÙØ ØØÙ ÙØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">PL/PgSQL<span lang="fa"> ÙØØÙØÛ ØÙØØØ ØØ ØØÛØÙ (</span>cache<span lang="fa">) ÙÛ ÚÙØ.</span> <span lang="fa">ÛÚ ØØØ ØØ ØØÙØÛ ØÛÙ ÚØØ ØÙ ØØØ ÚÙ ØÚØ ØØ ØØØØ ØØ ÛÚ ØØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ Ù ØØØØÙ ØÙ ØØÙÙ ØØÙ Ù ÛÚ ØØÙÙ ØØÛØ ØÙ ØØÛ ØÙ ØÛØØØ ØÙØØ ØØ ÙØØØÙØÙÛ ÙØØØ ØÙ ØØØØØ ÙØØÙØÛ ØØÛØÙ ØØÙ ØØØØ ÙÙÙØ ØÙ ØØÙÙ ÙØÛÙÛ ØØØØÙ ÙÛ ÚÙØ Ù ØÙØØØØÛÙ ØØØØÛ ØØØØ ØØ ØØÚØÙ ÙÙØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙØ. ØØÙ ØÙ ØÛÙ ÙØÚÙ ØÙ ØØØ ÚÙ ØØØÛ ØØØÙÙ ÙÙÙØ ØØ ØØØÙØ </span>EXECUTE<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ØÙØ ÚÙ ØÛÙ ÚØØ ØØØ ÙÛ ØÙØ ÚÙ ØØØÙØØØ ØØØÛ ÙØ ØØØ ØØØØ ÙØØØØÙ ÙÛÙØÛØ Ù ØÙØÛØ ØÙØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.27>4.27</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙ ÚØÙÙÙâÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØØØ (</span>replication<span lang="fa">)</span> <span lang="fa">ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span> </font> </H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">There are several master/slave replication options available. These allow only the master to make database changes and the slave can only do database reads. The bottom of <A href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/genpage?replication_research";> http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research</A> lists them. A multi-master replication solution is being worked on at <A href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php";> http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php</A>.</font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=4.28>4.28</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÙ ÚØÙÙÙâÙØÙÙ ØØØÙ ØÙØÙÚØØÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØØØ</span> </font> </H4> <UL> <LI dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">contrib<I>/pgcrypto </I><span lang="fa"> ØØÙÙ ØÙØØØ ØÙØÙÚØØÛ ØÛØØÛ ØØØ ÚÙ ÙÛ ØÙØÙ ØØ ØÙÙØ ØØ ØØØÙØØØ </span>SQL<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ÚØØ.</span></font><LI dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØØÛ ØÙØ ÚØØÙ ØØØØØØ ØÛÙ </span>client<span lang="fa"> Ù </span>server<span lang="fa"> Ø ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ØØÙØÙ ÚØÛÙÙ </span>SSL<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØ ØÙÛ ÙØÛÚØÙ ØØØÙ ÙØØÙ ÚÙÛÙ.</span></font><LI dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØØÙ 7.3 ØÙ ØØØ ÚÙÙØØ ØØÙØ ÚØØØØØÙ ØÙ ØÙØ ØØÙÙØØÛÚ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØÙØ ØØÙ ØØÛØÙ ÙÛ ØÙØ ÙÙÛ ØØ ÙØØÙ ÙØÛ ÙØÙÛ ØØÛØ ÚØÛÙÙ </span> <I>PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION</I> <span lang="fa"> ØØ ÙØÛÙ</span><I>postgresql.conf </I> <span lang="fa">ÙØØÙ ÚÙÛÙ. </span> </font> <LI dir="rtl"> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÙÛ ØÙØÙ ÙØÛÚØÙÙØÛ ØØØÙ ØØ ØÙÛ ÛÚ ÙØÛÙ ØÛØØÙ ØÙØØØÙ ÙÚØÙØØØÛ ÚØØ</font></span></LI></UL> <HR dir="rtl"> <H2 align=center dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">Extending PostgreSQL</font></H2> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=5.1>5.1</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØØ ÙÙØØÙâØÙ. ÚÚÙÙÙ ØÙ ØØ ØØ </span>psql<span lang="fa"> ØØØØ ÙÙÙØ ÚØØ ØØ ØØØØÙ ØÙ </span>core dump<span lang="fa"> ÙÙâÚÙØÙØ</span></font></H4> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ØÙØÛÙ ÙØØÙÙÛ ÙÛ ØÙØÙØ ØØØØ ØØÙØ ØÛÙ ÙØÚÙ ØÙØ. ØÙØ ÙØÙ ØØ ÙÙÙ ØØØØ ØÙØ ØØ ØÙ ØÙØØ ØØØ ØØØ ÚÙÛØ.</font></span></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=5.2>5.2</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ØØ ØÙÙÙØ ÙÙØâÙØ Ù ØÙØØØ ØØÙØ Ù ØØÙØ ØØØÙ </span>PostgreSQL<span lang="fa">â ÙÙÙØØÙ Ù ÙØØØÙØ ØØØØÙ ØØØÙ</span></font><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">Ø</font></span></H4> <p dir="rtl"><span lang="fa"><font face="Tahoma">ÚØ ØÙØ ØØ ØÙ ÚØÙÙ ÙØØÛ </font> </span><font face="Tahoma"> <I>pgsql-hackers<span lang="fa"> </span></I> <span lang="fa"> ØØØØÙ ÚÙÛØ.</span></font></p> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=5.3>5.3</A>) <span lang="fa">ÚÚÙÙÙ ÙÙâØÙØÙÙ ÙÙ ØØØØ ØÙ ØØØÙ </span>C<span lang="fa"> ØÙÙÙØÙ ÙÙ ØØÙØÙ ØÙ ÙÙ</span> <span lang="fa">â</span>tuple<span lang="fa"> </span> <span lang="fa">(ÚÙØ ØØÙÙ) ØØØØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><span lang="fa">ØØ ÙØØÙ ÙØÛ 7.3 ØÙ ØØØ ÛÚ ØØØØ ÙÛ ØÙØÙØ ÛÚ ØØÙÙ ØØ ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ØØÙØÛ ØØÚØØØÙØ. ØÛÙ ÙÛÚÚÛ ØØ ØÙØØØÛ ÚÙ ØÙ ØØØÙÙØÛ </span>C<span lang="fa"> Ù </span>PL/PgSQL<span lang="fa"> ÙÙØØÙ ÙÛ ØÙÙØ ØÙ ØÙØ ÚØÙÙ ÙØÙØ ØØØØ. ØØÙÙÙØ ØØÙØÙÙ ÙÙÛØØÙ ØØ ÙØØÙØÙ ÚÙÛØ. ÛÚ ÙØØÙ ØØ ÙØÙÙ ØØÚØØØÙØÙ ÛÚ ØØÙÙ ØÙ ØÙÙØÙ ØØÙØÛ ØØ </span><i>contrib/tablefunc</i><span lang="fa"> ØÙØÙ ØØØ.</span></font></P> <H4 dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma"><A name=5.4>5.4</A>) <span lang="fa">ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØÙÙ ÙÙØØ ØØ ØÙØ ÙØØÙ ØÙ ÚØØ ØØ ØÙÙÙØØ ÙØÙÙÙÙ ÙØØØ ØÙ ØØÙÙØ ØÙØÙ ÙÙÙâØÙØØ</span></font></H4> <P dir="rtl"><font face="Tahoma">Makefile<span lang="fa"> ØØØÛ ÙØÛÙÙØÛ </span> include<span lang="fa"> ØØÙ ÙØØØØÚÛÙØ ØØ ØÙ ØØØØÛ ÙØØÙ ÙÙÛ ØÙØ. ØØØÛ ØØÙÛÙØÙ ØØ ØÛÙÚÙ ÙØÛÙÛ ÚÙ ØÙØ ÚØØÙ ØÛØ ØØÙØÙ ØÙØØØÙ ÚØÙÙÛÙ ÙÛ ØÙØ ØØØÙØ </span>make clean<span lang="fa"> ØØ ØØØØ ÚÙÛØ. ØÚØ ØØ ÚØÙÙÛÙØ </span>gcc<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ÙÛ ÚÙÛØ ÙÛ ØÙØÙÛØ ØØ ÚØÛÙÙ </span>enable-depend--<span lang="fa"> ØØ ÙÙÙØ ØØØØÛ ØØÙØÙÙ </span>configure<span lang="fa"> ØØØÙØØÙ ÚÙÛØ ØÛÙ ÚØÛÙÙ ØØØØ ÙÛ ØÙØ ÚÙ ÙØØØØÚÛÙØ ØÙ ØÙØ ØØÙÙØØÛÚ ØÙÙÛØ ØÙØ.</span></font></P></BODY></HTML>
PostgreSQL FAQÃ?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?ºÃ?â??Ã?¨ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?¾Ã?±Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?® Ã?¢Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?§Ã? Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â??: 28 Ã?´Ã?â?¡Ã?±Ã?Å?Ã?Ë?Ã?± 1383 Ã?â?¡Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?Å? Ã?´Ã?â?¦Ã?³Ã?Å? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? (Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Å )Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?â?? Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?¶Ã?± : Bruce Momjian pgman(at)candle(dot)pha(dot)pa(dot)us Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?Å : m(dot)taghizadeh(at)imenafzar(dot)net Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã?±Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Å? Ã?¢Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/FAQ.html Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?³Ã?©Ã?Ë?Ã?Å?(Ã?¾Ã?â??Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?±Ã?â?¦) Ã?®Ã?§Ã?µ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?¨ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/index.html Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¦Ã?Å 1.1) PostgreSQL Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Ë? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Â?Ã?¸ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 1.2) Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ªââ?¬Å? (Ã?ÂÃ?â??Ã?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?â?¦Ã?¹Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å ) Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ PostgreSQL Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?±Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 1.3) PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?¹ Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?³Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 1.4) Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?Å Ã?·Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ºÃ?Å Ã?± Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 1.5) PostgreSQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?Æ?Ã?¬Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 1.6) Ã?§Ã?² Ã?Æ?Ã?¬Ã?§ Ã?®Ã?¯Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¾Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 1.7) Ã?¢Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 1.8) Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?Ë? Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?¦Ã?Å Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 1.9) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?²Ã?§Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?´Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?â?¦Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?¹ Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 1.10) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? SQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 1.11) Ã?¢Ã?Å Ã?§ PostgreSQL Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?â?? Y2Kââ?¬Å? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?®Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Ÿ 1.12) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³ PostgreSQL Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?ÂÃ?â?? Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 1.13) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? 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Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?· Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 2.4) Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?§ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?§Ã?±Ã?ªÃ?¨Ã?§Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â??Ã?±Ã?§Ã?± Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?Å 3.1) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?´Ã?§Ã?®Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ºÃ?Å Ã?± Ã?§Ã?² /usr/local/pgsql/ Ã?â? Ã?µÃ?¨ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 3.2) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?¹Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ postmasterââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Bad system callââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë? Ã?Å Ã?§ core dump ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 3.3) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?¹Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?¹Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ postmasterââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?®Ã?·Ã?§Ã?Å IpcMemoryCreate Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 3.4) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?¹Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?¹Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ postmasterââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?®Ã?·Ã?§Ã?Å IpcSemaphoreCreate Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 3.5) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?µÃ?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?´Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 3.6) Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?Ë? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¸Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 3.7) Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â??ââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 3.8) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?¹Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë?Ã?µÃ?â?? Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¦ Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â?¦ "Sorry, too many clients" ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 3.9) Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?´Ã?§Ã?®Ã?â?¡ pgsql_tmp Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?±Ã?§Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 3.10) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?² Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?±Ã?§ dumpââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¦Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¹ restore Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 3.11) Ã?§Ã?² Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?®Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å 4.1) Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?Ë?Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?â? binary cursors Ã?Ë? Normal cursors Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.2) Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?Â?Ã?â??Ã?· Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?Â? Ã?§Ã?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?Â? Ã?ªÃ?µÃ?§Ã?¯Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª SELECTââ?¬Å? Ã?¨Ã?²Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.3) Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?²Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± psqlââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.4) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?ÂÃ?°Ã?Â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?¹ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¹Ã?Ë?Ã?¶ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.5) Ã?ÂÃ?¯Ã?§Ã?Æ?Ã?«Ã?± Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?²Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?Â?Ã?Å?ââ?¬Å? Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?Ë? Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â??Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.6) Ã?â? Ã?â??Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?Â?Ã?¶Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Æ? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?°Ã?®Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.7) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?Â?Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¦ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å?ââ?¬Å? Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?Å?ââ?¬Å? Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â?¦ Ã?ªÃ?¹Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?Â? Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.8) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.9) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?â? Ã?ÂÃ?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?±Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?³Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.10) Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¡ R-treeââ?¬Å? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.11) Ã?¨Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?§Ã?² Ã?ªÃ?Æ?Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ (Genetic Query Optimizer) 4.12) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¹Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?¸Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¬Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?Ë? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?¬Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?ÂÃ?³Ã?§Ã?³ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¬Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?ºÃ?Å Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?³Ã?§Ã?³ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?§Ã?² Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.13) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?ªÃ?´Ã?®Ã?Å Ã?µ Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?¯ NULLââ?¬Å? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.14) Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?Ë?Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Â? character Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.15.1) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?¯ Ã?³Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.15.2) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?± Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?¬ Ã?³Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.15.3) Ã?¢Ã?Å?Ã?§ Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?¹ ()nextval Ã?Ë? ()currval Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?Å?Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?´Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å?Ã?· race Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å? Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å?Ã?± Ã?©Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Å? Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.15.4) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?³Ã?±Ã?Å?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?Å? Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?§Ã?©Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å? abort Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¹ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Å? Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?Å?Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?³Ã?±Ã?Å?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?Å? Ã?Å?Ã?© Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?â?¡ Ã?®Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?Å? Ã?§Ã?Å?Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?â?¦Ã?Å? Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.16) OID Ã?Ë? TID Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¡Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.17) Ã?â?¦Ã?¹Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?Ë? Ã?Æ?Ã?â??Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.18) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?®Ã?·Ã?§Ã?Å "ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc" Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.19) Ã?§Ã?² Ã?Æ?Ã?¬Ã?§ Ã?ªÃ?´Ã?®Ã?Å Ã?µ Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?´ Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQLÃ?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ 4.20) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?Å?Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å? Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?Å?Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å? large-objectÃ?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?®Ã?·Ã?§Ã?Å? "invalid large obj descriptor"Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?â?¦Ã?Å? Ã?¢Ã?Å?Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.21) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?± Ã?²Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¹Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?± Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?´ââ?¬Å?Ã?Â?Ã?±Ã?¶ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.22) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² IN Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?â?¡Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.23) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?â?? Ã?®Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¬Ã?Å (outer join) Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 4.24) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.25) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨Ã?¹ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?Â? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.26) Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?¹ PL/PgSQL Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?ª Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?ÂÃ?°Ã?Â? Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.27) Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?Æ?Ã?±Ã?§Ã?± (replication) Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 4.28) Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?²Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQL 5.1) Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨Ã?¹ Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?â?¦. Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?± psql Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¢Ã?â? core dump Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ 5.2) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?¹ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?Ë? Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?¹ Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?Ë? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?¨ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?â?¦. 5.3) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨Ã?¹ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? C Ã?¨Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?â?¦ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Å Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? ââ?¬Å?tuple (Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?Å Ã?Å ) Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ 5.4) Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?¹ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¹Ã?Ë?Ã?¶ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?â?¦Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?¯ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?ºÃ?Å Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¦Ã?Å 1.1) PostgreSQL Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Ë? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Â?Ã?¸ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ PostgreSQL Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?±Ã?ª Post-Gres-Q-Lââ?¬Å? Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Â?Ã?¸ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ http://www.postfresql.org/postgresql.mp3ââ?¬Å;? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Â?Ã?¸ Ã?µÃ?ÂÃ?Å Ã? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?´Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. PostgreSQL Ã?§Ã?² Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â?¦ Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ POSTGRES Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª (Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?² Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?¹ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â? Postgres Ã?¯Ã?Â?Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯) Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?ÂÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?â?? Ã?¨Ã?¹Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. PostgreSQL Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â??Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?Ë? Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?¹ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?ÂÃ?Â?Ã?¸ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? PostQuel Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?¬Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?±Ã?Â?Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² SQL Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. PostgreSQL Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?? Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?³ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. PostgreSQL Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?· Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? PostgreSQL Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¡Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¯Ã?Å? Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?â?? Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?¶Ã?± Marc G. Fournierââ?¬Å? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ scrappy(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. (Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?ÂÃ?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?ÂÃ?â?? Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?â??Ã?³Ã?â?¦Ã?ª 1.6 Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯). Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?¶Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?³Ã?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?ªÃ?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?â?¦Ã?³Ã?§Ã?¦Ã?â?? Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?± Ã?¹Ã?â?¡Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¾Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Ë? Ã?ªÃ?ÂÃ?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?â?? Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?§Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?· Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¢Ã?â?¦Ã?¯. Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?±Ã?Â?Ã?¹ Ã?§Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Ë? Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯. Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Postgres Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQL Ã?§Ã?² Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å? Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?· Ã?ªÃ?¹Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?´Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?±Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?Ë? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?´Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?Ë? Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?ÂÃ?ª Ã?â? Ã?¸Ã?± Ã?¾Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Â?Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?± Michael Stonebrake Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?Å?ââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?Â?Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?â??Ã?Å Postgresââ?¬Å? Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? 1995 Ã?¨Ã?¹Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?¶Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â? SQL Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Postgres95 Ã?ªÃ?ºÃ?Å Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? 1996 Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQL Ã?ªÃ?ºÃ?Å Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯. 1.2) Ã?â??Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ PostgreSQL Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?±Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ PostgreSQL Ã?ªÃ?ÂÃ?ª Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?â??Ã?±Ã?§Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯: PostgreSQL Data Base Management System Portions copyright (c) 1996-2004, PostgreSQL Global Development Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS. Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§ Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?³ BSD Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?³ Ã?Æ?Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?ÂÃ?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â??Ã?µÃ?¯Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?ºÃ?Å Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â?¦. 1.3) PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?¹ Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?³Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?â??Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?â??Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â?¡Ã?± Ã?¾Ã?â??Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?±Ã?â?¦ (Ã?³Ã?Æ?Ã?Ë?Ã?Å ) Ã?³Ã?§Ã?²Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?³ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?¾Ã?â??Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?â? PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?µÃ?¨ Ã?Ë? Ã?ªÃ?³Ã?ª Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?â??Ã?³Ã?â?¦Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?µÃ?¨ Ã?¢Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. 1.4) Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?Å Ã?·Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ºÃ?Å Ã?± Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Client Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? psql, Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨Ã?®Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ libpq Ã?Ë? Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?·Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?Ë? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?·Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?Å Ã?·Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?² Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?â??Ã?ª Client Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?² Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?Ë? Ã?§Ã?² Ã?·Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?â?? Ã?´Ã?¨Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?¾Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?ªÃ?Æ?Ã?â?? TCP/IP Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?³Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?± Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¾Ã?â??Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?±Ã?â?¦ Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Æ?Ã?³ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?â?? Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?±Ã?ªÃ?¨Ã?§Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â??Ã?±Ã?§Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?¯.Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? win32.mak Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨Ã?®Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ libpq Ã?Ë? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ psql Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. Pââ?¬Å?ostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?±Ã?ªÃ?¨Ã?§Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?±Ã?ª ODBCââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Server Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² Cygwinââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë? Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨Ã?®Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Cygnus Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?² NT Ã?Ë? Ã?Å Ã?§ Win2K Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯.Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN ââ?¬Å?Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?¹ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?¢Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?Ë? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?µÃ?Â?Ã?ÂÃ?â?¡ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/text/FAQ_MSWIN Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?â?? Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?¶Ã?± Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?§Ã?â?? PostgreSQL Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Æ?Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Win NT/2000/XP Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?¶Ã?¹Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¾Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ªââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å http://momjian.postgresql.org/main/writings/pgsql/win32.htm Ã?Ë? http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/Windows Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?¨Ã?± Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Novell Netware 6 Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?â?? Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://forge.novell.com Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. 1.5) PostgreSQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?Æ?Ã?¬Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?¢Ã?â? ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?µÃ?Â?Ã?ÂÃ?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¢Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. 1.6) Ã?§Ã?² Ã?Æ?Ã?¬Ã?§ Ã?®Ã?¯Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¾Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å pgsql-general(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?ÂÃ?« Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?¶Ã?Ë?Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Â? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?²Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQL Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Ë? Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å? Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â??Ã?³Ã?â?¦Ã?ª Subject Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?¯. subscribe end Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡: pgsql-general-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?±Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Ë? Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?Å?Ã?â? Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. pgsql-general-digest-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org subscribe end Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¡Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?¹ Ã?ÂÃ?¬Ã?â?¦ Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ 30 Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?Ë?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?±Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?§Ã?¡ Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?±Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Ë? Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ pgsql-bugs-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. subscribe end Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?®Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?µ Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? (Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? ) Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?®Ã?µ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. pgsql-hackers-request(at)PostgreSQL(dot)org subscribe end Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¾Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?²Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://www.postgresql.org Ã?¨Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?? IRC Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Freenode Ã?Ë? EFNet Ã?¨Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦ PostgreSQL# Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?´Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?Â?Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?³Ã?Å irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net. Ã?Å Ã?§ irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.freenode.net Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?´Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?·Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?®Ã?¯Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¾Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?²Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQL Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. 1.7) Ã?¢Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ÿ Ã?¢Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ 7.4.3 Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?â?¡Ã?¯Ã?Â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¡Ã?± 6 Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?§ 8 Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ Ã?¬Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. 1.8) Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?Ë? Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?¦Ã?Å Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?µÃ?Â?Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?ª Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¦Ã?«Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?Æ? Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?´Ã?§Ã?®Ã?â?¡ doc Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?µÃ?Â?Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?ª Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?Ë? Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?²Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.htm Ã?Ë? http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?â?? Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?Â?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ PostgreSQL Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ psql Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¯Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?± d\ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?¹ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?â?? Ã?ªÃ?¹Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?Â? Ã?Ë? Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?¯Ã?±ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?Ë? Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?¹ Ã?Ë? ... Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. 1.9) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?²Ã?§Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?´Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?â?¦Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?¹ Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ PostgreSQL Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?¬Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?±Ã?Â?Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² SQL-92 Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¾Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ª TODO Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?´Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Ë? Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¢Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. 1.10) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? SQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨ PostgreSQL Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ SQL http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html ââ?¬Å?Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¢Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?²Ã?´ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?®Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?¨ Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ªââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm Ã?Ë? http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM Ã?Ë? http://sqlcourse.com Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯ SQL Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨ Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å SQL Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨ "SQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?± 21 Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?² Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å?ââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?´ Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¦" Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. Ã?ªÃ?¹Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨ The Practical SQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?¬Ã?Å Ã? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?¯. Ã?Æ?Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?¨ Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± The Complete Refrence SQL Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?ªÃ?´Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?ª McGraw-Hill Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. 1.11) Ã?¢Ã?Å Ã?§ PostgreSQL Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?â?? Y2Kââ?¬Å? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?®Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Ÿ Ã?®Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å?ââ?¬Å?PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?®ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?¨Ã?â?? Ã?Ë? Ã?¨Ã?¹Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?² 2000 Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. 1.12) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³ PostgreSQL Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?ÂÃ?â?? Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?ªÃ?¯Ã?§Ã?Å?ââ?¬Å?Ã?¢Ã?®Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?³ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â??Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¦Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?·Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?³Ã?¾Ã?³ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¾Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Šââ?¬Å? pgsql-patches Ã?Ë? pgsql-hackers Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Ë? Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?ÂÃ?â??Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?®Ã?± Ã?Ë?Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ pgsql-patches Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?ªÃ?¹Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?ªÃ?ºÃ?Å Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?± cvsââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?± Ã?Æ?Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?ªÃ?¹Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?ââ?¬Å? Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?ªÃ?â?¦Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? PostgreSQL Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?¢Ã?Ë?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯. 1.13) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? 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Inheritanceââ?¬Å?Ã?Ë? rulesââ?¬Å?Ã?Ë? multi-version concurrency control Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ÂÃ?¯ Ã?¨Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â?¦Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?³Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¹Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?Ë? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?¹Ã?¶Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?§ MySQL Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?Ë? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?± Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?â? /Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?³Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¹Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ SELECTââ?¬Å? Ã?§Ã?² MySQL Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?¨Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ MySQL Ã?®Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?ª PostgreSQL Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?´Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?¯Ã?Â? Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?Ë? Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?ªÃ?â?¦Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¶Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?§Ã?´ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?ªÃ?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?¨Ã?â?¡Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ http://openacs.org/philosophy/why-not-mysql.html Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?â?¡ Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?¨ Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?â? MySQL Ã?Ë? PostgreSQL Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?§Ã?² Ã?·Ã?±Ã?Â? Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± MySQLââ?¬Å? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?´Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?µÃ?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?±Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?± Ã?ºÃ?Å Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?² Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?ÂÃ?ªÃ?Å Ã?§Ã?¬ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?³ Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?± Ã?®Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?Â? PostgreSQL Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?â?¹ Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?â? 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Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯. Ã?¯Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë? Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?§ Ã?Ë? Ã?Æ?Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?« Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¾Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?¨Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?± Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?ÂÃ?Ë? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¦Ã?â?¡ Ã?®Ã?¯Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¾Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?µÃ?Ë?Ã?±Ã?ª Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ FAQ section 1.6 Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?ª Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?Ë? Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?ºÃ?Å Ã?± Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¾Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?®Ã?ª Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Ã?ªÃ?ºÃ?Å Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¯Ã?± PostgreSQL Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?³Ã?· Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¬Ã?² Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?³ BSD Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?´Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. 1.15) Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?â? Ã?¸Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQL Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ PostgreSQL Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?³Ã?§Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?± Ã?ªÃ?´Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?¬Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Marc Fournierââ?¬Å? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?§Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?± Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¬Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?ª Ã?Å Ã?Æ? 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Ã?¯ Ã?â??Ã?·Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?â?¹ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://store.pgsql.com/shopping Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Ë? Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ? Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?¯Ã?§ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?± Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?µÃ?Â?Ã?ÂÃ?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?µÃ?â??Ã?Å Ã?¹Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?±Ã?ª PostgreSQL,Incââ?¬Å? Ã?°Ã?Æ?Ã?± Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?ª Ã?¹Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?ªÃ?§Ã?â?¹ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¾Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¾Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Ë?Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯ Ã?Ë? Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?´Ã?±Ã?Æ?Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?®Ã?µ. Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?¬Ã?Å Ã? Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?â? Ã?Æ? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?®Ã?µ Ã?´Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?Â?Ã?â?? Ã?§Ã?² PostgreSQL Ã?³Ã?±Ã?§Ã?º Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?â??Ã?·Ã?Â?Ã?§Ã?â?¹ Ã?¢Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://advocacy.postgresql.org Ã?¯Ã?²Ã?§Ã?±Ã?´ Ã?¯Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¾Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ 2.1) Ã?¢Ã?Å Ã?§ Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?± ODBCââ?¬Å? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?¯Ã?Ë? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?± ODBC Ã?¨Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å psqlODBCââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë? OpenLink Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?Â?Ã?ªÃ?â? psqlODBC Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. OpenLlink Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?² Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://www.openlinksw.com Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?± Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Â? ODBC Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?´Ã?â?¦Ã?§ Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?Å Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² OpenLink Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?Æ?Ã?«Ã?± Ã?³Ã?Æ?Ã?Ë?ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?±ODBCââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?¨Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?´Ã?Æ?Ã?â?? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ PostgreSQL Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?â?¦Ã?ªÃ?µÃ?â?? Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?Å Ã?¯. Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?ÂÃ?µÃ?Ë?Ã?â?? Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?ÂÃ?ªÃ?Å Ã?§Ã?¬ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?®Ã?¯Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¾Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?Å Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?¬Ã?§Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?Â?Ã?±Ã?Ë?Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?´Ã?Ë?Ã?¯. Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?³Ã?®Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?²Ã?§Ã?¯ Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?± Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?³ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?³Ã?¨ Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ postgres95(at)openlink(dot)co(dot)uk ââ?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?¯. 2.2) Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?¨Ã?²Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?µÃ?Â?Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?ª Ã?Ë?Ã?¨ Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://www.webreview.com Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?µÃ?Â?Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?ª Ã?Ë?Ã?¨ Ã?±Ã?§Ã?â?¡Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?®Ã?Ë?Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?±Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?¨ Ã?Ë? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?µÃ?Â?Ã?ÂÃ?§Ã?ª Ã?Ë?Ã?¨ Ã?²Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?â? PHPââ?¬Å? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?· Ã?¨Ã?³Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?± Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?¨ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª. Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ PHPââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://www.php.net Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?â?¦Ã?«Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?² Ã?¨Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?§Ã?² Perlââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë? CGI.pm Ã?Ë? mod_perl Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. 2.3) Ã?¢Ã?Å Ã?§ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?· Ã?Æ?Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯Ã?Ÿ Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?¯ Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?â?¦ Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?´Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?? pgAccess Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://www.pgaccess.org Ã?Ë? pgAdmin III Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://www.pgadmin.org Ã?Ë? RHDB Admin Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb Ã?Ë? Rekall Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?Æ? phpPgAdmin Ã?â?¡Ã?â?¦ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯ Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?Å Ã?Æ? Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?· Ã?Ë?Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?ª PostgreSQL Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¨Ã?§Ã?´Ã?¯. Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?·Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?¹Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?´Ã?ªÃ?± Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?²Ã?§Ã?±Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Â?Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?Å Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å PostgreSQL Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¢Ã?¯Ã?±Ã?³ http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools Ã?â?¦Ã?±Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?¹Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? 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C (libpq) Embedded C (ecpg) Java (jdbc) Python (PyGreSQL) TCL (libpgtcl) Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?³Ã?·Ã?â?¡Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?³Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ª http://gborg.postgresql.org Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?â??Ã?³Ã?â?¦Ã?ª Drivers/Interfaces Ã?Ë?Ã?¬Ã?Ë?Ã?¯ Ã?¯Ã?§Ã?±Ã?¯. Ã?³Ã?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?ª Ã?â?¦Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?Å Ã?ªÃ?Å 3.1) Ã?â? Ã?¯Ã?Ë?Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?§Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ PostgreSQLââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?¯Ã?± Ã?´Ã?§Ã?®Ã?â?¡Ã¢â?¬Å?Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?ºÃ?Å Ã?± Ã?§Ã?² /usr/local/pgsql/ Ã?â? Ã?µÃ?¨ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?¹ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?¯Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Ë?Ã?± configure Ã?§Ã?² Ã?¯Ã?²Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?â?¡ prefix-- Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?¯Ã?â?¡ Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?Å Ã?¯. 3.2) Ã?â? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Ë?Ã?â??Ã?¹Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â?¡ Ã?â?¦Ã?â? Ã?¨Ã?±Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¡ postmasterââ?¬Å? Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?§Ã?¬Ã?±Ã?§ Ã?â?¦Ã?Å Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?â?¦ Ã?¾Ã?Å Ã?§Ã?â?¦ Bad system callââ?¬Å? Ã?Ë? Ã?Å Ã?§ core dump ââ?¬Å?Ã?â?¦Ã?Šââ?¬Å?Ã?¯Ã?Å Ã?±Ã?â?¦Ã?Ÿ Ã?¨Ã?â?¡ Ã?¯Ã?â??Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â?? Ã?â?¦Ã?®Ã?ªÃ?â??Ã?Â? Ã?â?¦Ã?â?¦Ã?Æ?Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?³Ã?ª Ã?§Ã?Å Ã?â? Ã?§Ã?ªÃ?Â?Ã?§Ã?â?? Ã?¨Ã?Å Ã?Â?Ã?ªÃ?¯. 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