Re: field must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used

On Fri, 27 Feb 2004, Bill Moran wrote:

> Hey all.
>
> I've hit an SQL problem that I'm a bit mystified by. I have two different
> questions regarding this problem: why? and how do I work around it?
>
> The following query:
>
> SELECT GCP.id,
> GCP.Name
> FROM Gov_Capital_Project GCP,
> WHERE TLM.TLI_ID = $2
> group by GCP.id
> ORDER BY gcp.name;
>
> Produces the following error:
>
> ERROR: column "gcp.name" must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function

OK, let's look at a test table:

id | data
---------
0 | 'abc'
0 | 'def'
1 | 'ghi'

Now, let's use this query:

select id, data from test_table group by id;

what results should I get back?

I have two possible results for the data column, abc and def. But I only
get one row with a 0 in it, so which one of those do I pick?

If I use an aggregate I can be sure to get the first or last one:

select id, max(data) from test_table group by id;

Also, you may want to look at postgresql's extension, "distinct on":

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/7.4/static/queries-select-lists.html#QUERIES-DISTINCT

It can give you the kind of results you want.

select distinct on (id) id, data from test_table;

But is know to be indeterminate, so you may get different results each
time.